Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comprehensive microstructural characterization in modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel by ultrasonic measurements

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel (T91/P91) has been subjected to a series of heat treatments consisting of soaking for 5 minutes at the selected temperatures, starting from the α-phase region (1073 K) to the γ + δ-phase region (1623 K), followed by oil quenching. Hardness measurements, microstructural features, and grain-size measurements by the linear-intercept method have been used for correlating them with the ultrasonic parameters. Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements, and spectral analysis of the first backwall echo have been used for characterization of the microstructures obtained by various heat treatments. As the soaking temperature increased above Ac 1, the ultrasonic velocity decreased because of the increase in the volume fraction of martensite in the structure. There were sharp changes in the ultrasonic velocities corresponding to the two critical temperatures, Ac 1 and Ac 3. Ultrasonic longitudinal- and shear-wave velocities were found to be useful in identifying the Ac 1 and Ac 3 temperatures and for the determination of hardness in the intercritical region. However, ultrasonic attenuation and spectral analysis of the first backwall echo were found to be useful to characterize the variation in the prior-austenitic grain size and formation of δ ferrite above the Ac 4 temperature. The scattering coefficients have been experimentally determined for various microstructures and compared with the theoretically calculated value of the scattering coefficients for iron reported in literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. B.K. Shah, Anish Kumar, M. Bandyopadhyay, A.K. Bandyopadhyay, and P.G. Kulkarni: INSIGHT, 1999, vol. 41 (11), pp. 707–09.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. R.B. Mignogma, J.C. Duke, Jr., and R.E. Green: Mater. Eval., 1980, vol. 38, pp. 37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  3. N. Grayeli and J.C. Shyne: Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE, Plenum Press, NY, 1985, vol. 4b, pp. 927–37.

    Google Scholar 

  4. E.P. Papadakis: Metall. Trans., 1970, vol. 1, pp. 1053–57.

    Google Scholar 

  5. T. Jayakumar, H. Willems, and Baldev Raj: Trans. Ind. Inst. Met., 1991, vol. 44, pp. 327–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Rosen, L. Ives, S. Ridder, F. Biancaniello, and R. Mehrabian: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1985, vol. 74, pp. 1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. R. Klinman and E.T. Stephencon: Mater. Eval., 1981, vol. 39, pp. 1116–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Vary: Mater. Eval., 1988, vol. 46, pp. 642–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ulf Stigh: Eng. Fract. Mech., 1987, vol. 28, pp. 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. T.R.G. Kutty, K.N. Cndrasekharan, J.P. Pannakal, S.K. Ghoshal, and P.K. De: NDT Int., 1987, vol. 20, pp. 359–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. D.W. Fitting and L. Adler: Ultrasonic Spectral Analysis for NDE, Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Anish Kumar, T. Jayakumar, P. Palanichamy, and Baldev Raj: Scripta Mater., 1999, vol. 40, pp. 333–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. K. Honjoh: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1994, vol. 33, pp. 1554–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. O.R. Gericke: in The Future of Ultrasonic Spectroscopy, P.M. Reynolds, ed., British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, London, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  15. E.P. Papadakis: J. Testing Eval., 1984, vol. 12, pp. 273–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Marc Dubois, A. Moreau, M. Militzerand, and J.F. Bussiere: Scripta Mater., 1999, vol. 39, pp. 333–40.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM E112-88, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1992, vol. 3. 01, pp. 294–326.

  18. B.P.C. Rao, T. Jayakumar, D.K. Bhattacharya, and Baldev Raj: J. Pure Appl. Ultrasonics, 1993, vol. 25, pp. 53–59.

    Google Scholar 

  19. T. Jayakumar: Ph.D. Thesis, University of Saarland, Saarbruecken, Germany, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. Orr, D. Burton, and C. Rasche: The Manufacture and Properties of Steel 91 for the Power Plant and Process Industries, Nov. 5, 1992, VDEh, Dusseldorf.

    Google Scholar 

  21. P.J. Alberry and W.K.C. Jones: Met. Technol., 1977, vol. 4, pp. 557–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. V.V. Muravev: Defectoscopiya, 1989, vol. 2, pp. 66–68.

    Google Scholar 

  23. B.J. Elkind, M. Rosen, and H.N.G. Wadley: Conf. Proc. Intelligent Processing of Materials and Advanced Sensors, Orlando, FL, Oct. 5–9, 1986, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 1987, pp. 49–60.

    Google Scholar 

  24. G. Benkisser: Metall. Werkstofftech., 1985, pp. 220–37 (German).

  25. E.M. Papadakis: J. Appl. Phys., 1964, vol. 35 (5), pp. 1474–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. H.M. Ledbetter: Materials at Lower Temperature, R.P. Reed and A.F. Clark, eds., ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1983, pp. 1–45.

    Google Scholar 

  27. G.R. Spiech, A.J. Schwoeble, and W.C. Leslie: Metall. Trans., 1972, vol. 3, pp. 2031–37.

    Google Scholar 

  28. W. Koester and H. Franz: Metall. Rev., 1961, vol. 6 (21), p. 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  29. P. Palanichamy, A. Josheph, T. Jayakumar, and Baldev Raj: NDTE Int., 1995, vol. 28, pp. 179–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. E.P. Papadakis: Physical Acoustics: Principles and Methods, 4b, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1981, pp. 269–370.

    Google Scholar 

  31. E.P. Papadakis: J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1965, vol. 37 (4), pp. 703–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. W.P. Mason and McSkimin: J. Appl. Phys., 1948, vol. 19, pp. 940–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. W.A. Simpson Jr.: J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1974, vol. 56, p. 1776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. R. Klinman, G.R. Webster, F.J. Marsh, and E.T. Stephenson: Mater. Eval., 1980, vol. 38, pp. 26–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NDT&E Section, the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, 603 102, Kalpakkam, India

    Anish Kumar (Scientific Officer/D), K. Laha (Scientific Officer/F) & T. Jayakumar (Head)

  2. Mechanical Metallurgy Division, the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, 603 102, Kalpakkam, India

    K. Bhanu Sankaro Rao (Head)

  3. Metallurgy, Chemical and Reprocessing Group, the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, 603 102, Kalpakkam, India

    Baldev Raj (Director)

Authors
  1. Anish Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Laha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T. Jayakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. K. Bhanu Sankaro Rao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Baldev Raj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kumar, A., Laha, K., Jayakumar, T. et al. Comprehensive microstructural characterization in modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel by ultrasonic measurements. Metall Mater Trans A 33, 1617–1626 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-002-0171-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-002-0171-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation