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High Strength and Ductility of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Explained

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Abstract

Structure–property relationships of an additively manufactured 316L stainless steel were explored. A scanning electron microscope and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed a fine cellular-dendritic (0.5 to 2 μm) substructure inside large irregularly shaped grains (~ 100 μm). The cellular structure grows along the 〈100〉 crystallographic directions. However, texture analysis revealed that the main 〈100〉 texture component is inclined by ~15 deg from the building direction. X-ray diffraction line profile analysis indicated a high dislocation density of ~1 × 1015 m−2 in the as-built material, which correlates well with the observed EBSD microstructure and high-yield strength, via the traditional Taylor hardening equation. Significant variations in strain hardening behavior and ductility were observed for the horizontal (HB) and vertical (VB) built samples. Ductility of HB and VB samples measured 49 and 77 pct, respectively. The initial growth texture and subsequent texture evolution during tensile deformation are held responsible for the observed anisotropy. Notably, EBSD analysis of deformed samples showed deformation twins, which predominately form in the grains with 〈111〉 aligned parallel to the loading direction. The VB samples showed higher twinning activity, higher strain hardening rates at high strain, and therefore, higher ductility. Analysis of annealed samples revealed that the observed microstructures and properties are thermally stable, with only a moderate decrease in strength and very similar levels of ductility and anisotropy, compared with the as-built condition.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Naval Sea Systems Command and the Office of Naval Research for sponsoring the research discussed in this paper. The work was mentored by Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, as a project through the Naval Engineering Education Consortium Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA

    Md. Shamsujjoha, Sean R. Agnew & James M. Fitz-Gerald

  2. Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, VA, 22448, USA

    William R. Moore & Tabitha A. Newman

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  1. Md. Shamsujjoha
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  2. Sean R. Agnew
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Correspondence to Md. Shamsujjoha.

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Manuscript submitted September 3, 2017.

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Shamsujjoha, M., Agnew, S.R., Fitz-Gerald, J.M. et al. High Strength and Ductility of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Explained. Metall Mater Trans A 49, 3011–3027 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4607-2

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