Alpha case thickness modeling in investment castings

Abstract

The alpha case thickness at the surface of a Ti-6Al-4V (wt pct) step wedge investment casting has been measured and successfully predicted. The prediction uses temperature-time results obtained from a heat flow simulation of the casting. The temperature-time results were coupled to a simple model for diffusion of oxygen into the beta phase during continuous cooling. Oxygen concentration and microhardness profiles were measured from the surface in contact with the ZrO₂ face coat of the shell mold into the interior of the casting. The oxygen content in the metal at the shell mold interface was between 5 and 9.5 wt pct in general agreement with a thermodynamic calculation for bcc Ti in contact with ZrO₂. At the limit of the alpha case region, as determined by standard metallographic technique, the oxygen concentration was found to be no more than 0.02 wt pct above the level of oxygen in the bulk alloy. Using this information and one particular literature value for the activation energy for diffusion of oxygen, a nearly linear relationship was obtained between the measured and predicted alpha case thicknesses at various positions on the casting surface. Reduction of the prefactor of this diffusion coefficient by a factor of 7.5 produces excellent agreement between predicted and measured alpha case thicknesses. Such a reduction is not inconsistent with the scatter of literature values for the diffusion coefficient.