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Transient Inclusion Evolution During Modification of Alumina Inclusions by Calcium in Liquid Steel: Part I. Background, Experimental Techniques and Analysis Methods

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Abstract

In aluminum-killed steels, modification of solid alumina inclusions is often carried out by calcium treatment, converting the alumina to liquid calcium aluminates. When calcium treatment is performed, calcium can either react with sulfur in the melt or with solid alumina. Calcium sulfide inclusions are solid at steel casting temperatures and thus would be detrimental to castability if they remained in the steel after calcium treatment. The aim was to study the transient evolution of inclusions after calcium treatment, testing the hypothesis that calcium sulfide may form as an intermediate reaction product, which can subsequently react with alumina to form modified calcium aluminates. The first part gives the project background and describes the experimental and quantification techniques adopted, including the effect of sampler size in laboratory melts. Results of the formation of intermediate calcium reaction products in laboratory and industrial heats are presented in the second part.

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Acknowledgments

Support for this work by the industrial members of the Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research is gratefully acknowledged.

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Author notes

  1. Minna Lind (Visiting Researcher)

    Present address: Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Iron and Steelmaking Research, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Neerav Verma (Ph.D. Candidate), Petrus C. Pistorius (Professor) & Richard J. Fruehan (Professor)

  2. RJ Lee Group, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA

    Michael Potter (Senior Scientist)

  3. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA

    Minna Lind (Visiting Researcher)

  4. United States Steel Corporation Research and Technology Center, Munhall, PA, 15120, USA

    Scott Story (Research Consultant)

Authors
  1. Neerav Verma
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  2. Petrus C. Pistorius
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  3. Richard J. Fruehan
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  4. Michael Potter
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  5. Minna Lind
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  6. Scott Story
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Petrus C. Pistorius.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted February 24, 2011.

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Verma, N., Pistorius, P.C., Fruehan, R.J. et al. Transient Inclusion Evolution During Modification of Alumina Inclusions by Calcium in Liquid Steel: Part I. Background, Experimental Techniques and Analysis Methods. Metall Mater Trans B 42, 711–719 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-011-9516-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-011-9516-3

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