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Volunteerism and self-selection bias in human positron emission tomography neuroimaging research

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Abstract

Scientists have known for decades that persons who volunteer for behavioral research may be different from those who decline participation and that characteristics differentiating volunteers from non-volunteers may vary depending on the nature of the research. There is evidence that volunteer self-selection can impact representativeness of samples in studies involving physically or psychologically stressful procedures, such as electric shocks, sensory isolation, or drug effects. However, the degree to which self-selection influences sample characteristics in “stressful” studies involving positron emission tomography (PET) has not been evaluated. Since estimation of population parameters, robustness of findings, and validity of inferred relationships can all be impacted by volunteer bias, it is important to determine if self-selection may act as an unrecognized confound in such studies. In the present investigation, we obtained baseline data on 114 (56M, 58F) subjects who participated in a study involving completion of several self-report questionnaires and behavioral performance tasks. Participants were later given the opportunity to enroll in an [11C]raclopride PET study involving intravenous amphetamine (AMPH) administration. Demographic characteristics, personality traits, and task performance of subjects who consented to the latter study were compared with those who declined participation. Findings showed that the principal personality trait that distinguished the two groups was sensation-seeking; volunteers scored significantly higher on this dimension than non-volunteers. Males were more likely to volunteer than females. However, results of mediation analysis suggested that the relationship between gender and volunteer status was mediated by greater sensation-seeking traits in the males. Implications of these findings are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NIH grants R01 DA022433 (LMO) and M01 RR016500 (UMSOM GCRC). The authors are grateful to Mark Streer for his assistance with manuscript preparation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Lynn M. Oswald & Victoria Selby

  2. Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Lynn M. Oswald & Gary S. Wand

  3. Office of Research, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Shijun Zhu

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Gary S. Wand

  5. University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Lynn M. Oswald

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Correspondence to Lynn M. Oswald.

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Oswald, L.M., Wand, G.S., Zhu, S. et al. Volunteerism and self-selection bias in human positron emission tomography neuroimaging research. Brain Imaging and Behavior 7, 163–176 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-012-9210-3

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