Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Modeling of alkali-silica reaction in concrete: a review

  • Review
  • Published:
Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of modeling of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. Such modeling is essential for investigating the chemical expansion mechanism and the subsequent influence on the mechanical aspects of the material. The concept of ASR and the mechanism of expansion are first outlined, and the state-of-the-art of modeling for ASR, the focus of the paper, is then presented in detail. The modeling includes theoretical approaches, meso- and macroscopic models for ASR analysis. The theoretical approaches dealt with the chemical reaction mechanism and were used for predicting pessimum size of aggregate. Mesoscopic models have attempted to explain the mechanism of mechanical deterioration of ASR-affected concrete at material scale. The macroscopic models, chemomechanical coupling models, have been generally developed by combining the chemical reaction kinetics with linear or nonlinear mechanical constitutive, and were applied to reproduce and predict the long-term behavior of structures suffering from ASR. Finally, a conclusion and discussion of the modeling are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Stanton T E. Expansion of concrete through reaction between cement and aggregate. Proceeding American Society of Civil Engineers, 1940, 66: 1781–1811

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fernandes I, Noronha F, Teles M. Microscopic analysis of alkaliaggregate reaction products in a 50-year-old concrete. Materials Characterization, 2004, 53(2–4): 295–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ramyar K, Çopuroglu O, Andiç Ö, Fraaij A L A. Comparison of alkali-silica reaction products of fly-ash- or lithium-salt-bearing mortar under long-term accelerated curing. Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 34(7): 1179–1183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Peterson K, Gress D, Vandam T, Sutter L. Crystallized alkali-silica gel in concrete from the late 1890s. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(8): 1523–1532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. 1260-94 AC. Standard test method for determining the potential alkali reactivity of combinations of cementious materials and aggregate (accelerated mortar-bar method). Annual Book of ASTM Standards 2002, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 2002; 04.02

  6. A23.2-25A-00 C. Detection of alkali-silica reactive aggregate by accelerated expansion of mortar bars. CSA A23. 2-00: Methods of Test for Concrete, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga

  7. TC191-ARP-AAR02 R. Detection of potential alkali-reactivity of aggregates-the ultra-accelerated mortar-bar test. Materials and Structures, 2000, 33: 283–293

    Google Scholar 

  8. A23. 2-14A-00 C. Potential expansivity of aggregates (procedure for length change due to alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete prisms). CSA A23. 2-00: Methods of Test for Concrete, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga (ON), 2000, 207–216

  9. 1293-01 AC. Standard test method for concrete aggregates by determination of length change of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 04. 02 (Concrete and Aggregates), Philadelphia (PA), 2002

  10. Hobbs D W. Alkali-silica reaction in concrete. London: Thomas Telford, 1988

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Swamy R N, Al-Asali M M. Engineering properties of concrete affected by alkali-silica reaction. ACI Materials Journal, 1988, 85: 367–374

    Google Scholar 

  12. Swamy R N, Al-Asali M M. Effect of alkali-silica reaction on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams. ACI Materials Journal, 1989, 86: 451–459

    Google Scholar 

  13. Clark L A. Modeling the structural effects of alkali-silica reac-tions on reinforced concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 1991, 88: 271–277

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ahmed T, Burley E, Rigden S, Abu-Taira A I. The effect of alkali reactivity on the mechanical properties of concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2003, 17(2): 123–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Fan S F, Hanson J M. Length expansion and cracking of plain and reinforced concrete prisms due to alkali-silica reaction. ACI Materials Journal, 1998, 95: 480–487

    Google Scholar 

  16. Monette L J, Gardner N J, Grattan-Bellew P E. Re-sidual strength of reinforced concrete beams damaged by alkali-silica reaction-Examination of damage rating index method. ACI Materials Journal, 2002, 99: 42–50

    Google Scholar 

  17. Multon S, Multon S, Seignol J F, Toutlemonde F. Structural behavior of concrete beams affected by alkali-silica reaction. ACI Materials Journal, 2005, 102: 67–76

    Google Scholar 

  18. Giaccio G, Zerbino R, Ponce J, Batic O. Mechanical behavior of concretes damaged by alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 2008, 38(7): 993–1004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Marzouk H, Langdon S. The effect of alkali-aggregate reactivity on the mechanical properties of high and normal strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2003, 25(4–5): 549–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Berra M, Mangialardi T, Paolini A E. Rapid evaluation of the threshold alkali level for alkali-reactive siliceous aggregates in concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 1999, 21(4): 325–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Smaoui N, Berube M, Fournier B, Bissonnette B, Durand B. Effects of alkali addition on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2005, 35(2): 203–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Multon S, Toutlemonde F. Effect of applied stresses on alkali-silica reaction-induced expansions. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(5): 912–920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Multon S, Cyr M, Sellier A, Leklou N, Petit L. Coupled effects of aggregate size and alkali content on ASR expansion. Cement and Concrete Research, 2008, 38(3): 350–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Puertas F, Palacios M, Gil-Maroto A, Vázquez T. Alkali-aggregate behaviour of alkali-activated slag mortars: Effect of aggregate type. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2009, 31(5): 277–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Berra M, Faggiani G, Mangialardi T, Paolini A E. Influence of stress restraint on the expansive behaviour of concrete affected by alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(9): 1403–1409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Multon S, Cyr M, Sellier A, Diederich P, Petit L. Effects of aggregate size and alkali content on ASR expansion. Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(4): 508–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Multon S, Toutlemonde F. Effect of moisture conditions and transfers on alkali silica reaction damaged structures. Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(6): 924–934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Smaoui N, Bissonnette B, Bérubé M A, Fournier B. Stresses induced by alkali-silica reactivity in prototypes of reinforced concrete columns incorporating various types of reactive aggregates. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2007, 34(12): 1554–1566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Steffens A, Li K, Coussy O. Aging approach to water effect on alkali-silica reaction degradation of structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics of Materials, 2003, 129: 50–59

    Google Scholar 

  30. Poyet S, Sellier A, Capra B, Thèvenin-Foray G, Torrenti J M, Tournier-Cognon H, Bourdarot E. Influence of water on alkalisilica reaction: Experimental study and numerical simulations. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2006, 18(4): 588–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Bazănt Z P, Steffens A. Mathematical model for kinetics of alkali-silica reaction in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(3): 419–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Suwitoa A, Jinb W, Xia Y, Meyerc C. A Mathematical Model for the Pessimum Effect of ASR in Concrete. 2000

  33. Multon S, Sellier A, Cyr M. Chemo-mechanical modeling for prediction of alkali silica reaction (ASR) expansion. Cement and Concrete Research, 2009, 39(6): 490–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Vivian H E. The effects on mortar expansion of reactive component in the aggregate. Studies in cement-aggregate reactions, part 10. CSIRO Bull, 1947, 256: 13–20

    Google Scholar 

  35. Mather B. How to make concrete that will not suffer deleterious alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 1999, 29(8): 1277–1280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Alasali M M, Malhotra V, Soles J A. Performance of various test methods for assessing the potential alkali reactivity of some Canadian aggregates. ACI Materials Journal, 1991, 88: 613–619

    Google Scholar 

  37. Shehata M H, Thomas M D A. The effect of fly ash composition on the expansion of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, 30(7): 1063–1072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Bleszynski R F, Thomas M D A. Microstructural Studies of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Fly Ash Concrete Immersed in Alkaline Solutions. Advanced Cement Based Materials, 1998, 7(2): 66–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Karakurt C, Topçu İ B. Effect of blended cements produced with natural zeolite and industrial by-products on alkali-silica reaction and sulfate resistance of concrete. Construction & Building Materials, 2011, 25(4): 1789–1795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Comby-Peyrot I, Bernard F, Bouchard P O, Bay F, Garcia-Diaz E. Development and validation of a 3D computational tool to describe concrete behaviour at mesoscale. Application to the alkali-silica reaction. Computational Materials Science, 2009, 46(4): 1163–1177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Dunant C F, Scrivener K L. Micro-mechanical modelling of alkali-silica-reaction-induced degradation using the AMIE framework. Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(4): 517–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Amberg F. Performance of Dams affected by Expanding Concrete. V-0009401EN/1021-R-237, 2011

  43. Léger P, Côté P, Tinawi R. Finite element analysis of concrete swelling due to alkali-aggregate reactions in dams. Computers & Structures, 1996, 60(4): 601–611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Pietruszczak S. On the mechanical behaviour of concrete subjected to alkali-aggregate reaction. Computers & Structures, 1996, 58(6): 1093–1097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ulm F J, Coussy O, Kefei L, Larive C. Thermo-chemo-mechanics of ASR expansion in concrete structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2000, 126(3): 233–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Huang M, Pietruszczak S. Modeling of thermomechanical effects of alkali-silica reaction. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1999, 125(4): 476–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Comi C, Fedele R, Perego U. A chemo-thermo-damage model for the analysis of concrete dams affected by alkali-silica reaction. Mechanics of Materials, 2009, 41(3): 210–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Comi C, Perego U. Anisotropic damage model for concrete affected by alkali-aggregate reaction. International Journal of Damage Mechanics, 2011, 20(4): 598–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Grimal E, Sellier A, Pape Y L, Bourdarot E. Creep, shrinkage, and anisotropic damage in alkali-aggregate reaction swelling mechanism-Part I: A constitutive model. ACI Materials Journal, 2008, 105: 227–235

    Google Scholar 

  50. Grimal E, Sellier A, Pape Y L, Bourdarot E. Creep, shrinkage, and anisotropic damage in alkali-aggregate reaction swelling mechanism-Part II: Identification of model parameters and application. ACI Materials Journal, 2008, 105: 236–242

    Google Scholar 

  51. Larive C. Apports Combin’es de l’Experimentation et de la Modélisation à la Comprehension del Alcali-Réaction et de ses Effets Mécaniques. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris (in France). 1998

    Google Scholar 

  52. Dent Glasser L S, Kataoka N. N. K. The chemistry of alkaliaggregate reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 1981, 11(1): 1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Dent Glasser L S, Kataoka N. On the role of calcium in the alkaliaggregate reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 1982, 12(3): 321–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Deschenes D J, Bayrak O, Folliard K J. ASR/DEF-damaged bent caps: shear tests and field implications. Technical Report No 12-8XXIA006, Texas Department of Transportation. 2009

  55. Dron R, Brivot F. Thermodynamic and kinetic approach to the alkali-silica reaction. Part 1: Concepts. Cement and Concrete Research, 1992, 22(5): 941–948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Dron R, Brivot F. Thermodynamic and kinetic approach to the alkali-silica reaction. Part 2: Experiment. Cement and Concrete Research, 1993, 23(1): 93–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Diamond S. Chemistry and Other Characteristics of ASR Gels. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Quebec City, Canada. 2000, 31–40

  58. Knudsen T, Thaulow N. Quantitative microanalyses of alkali-silica gel in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 1975, 5(5): 443–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Thaulow N, Jakobsen U H, Clark B. Composition of alkali silica gel and ettringite in concrete railroad ties SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analyses. Cement and Concrete Research, 1996, 26(2): 309–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Regourd M, Hornain H, Poitevin O. Alkali-aggregate reactionconcrete microstructural evolution. Proceedings of the 5l International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, Cape Town, South Africa. 1981, S252/35

  61. Fernandes I. Composition of alkali-silica reaction products at different locations within concrete structures. Materials Characterization, 2009, 60(7): 655–668

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  62. Šachlová Š, Přikryl R, Pertold Z. Alkali-silica reaction products: Comparison between samples from concrete structures and laboratory test specimens. Materials Characterization, 2010, 61(12): 1379–1393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Kawamura M, Arano N, Terashima T. Composition of ASR gels and expansion of mortars. In: Cohen M, Mindess S, Skalny J, editors Materials Science of Concrete: Special Volume-The Sidney Diamond Symposium Westerville, OH: American Ceram-ic Society. 1998, 261–76

  64. Thomas M. The role of calcium in alkali -silica reaction. In: Cohen M, Mindess S, Skalny J, editors Materials Science of Concrete — The Sidney Diamond Symposium Westerville, OH: American Ceramic Society Bulletin. 1998, 325–37

  65. Powers T C, Steinour H H. An interpretation of some published researchers on alkali-aggregate reaction. Part 1-the chemical reactions and mechanism of expansion. ACI Journal Proceedings., 1955, 51: 497–516

    Google Scholar 

  66. Powers T C, Steinour H H. An interpretation of some published researchers on alkali-aggregate reaction. Part 2-a hypothesis concerning safe and unsafe reactions with reactive silica in concrete. ACI Journal Proceedings, 1955, 51: 785–812

    Google Scholar 

  67. Helmuth R, Stark D. Alkali-silica reactivity mechanisms. Ed Skalny, J. Materials Science of Concrete, 1992, III: 131–208

    Google Scholar 

  68. Jun S S, Jin C S. ASR products on the content of reactive aggregate. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 2010, 14(4): 539–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Scrivener K L, Monteiro P J M. The alkali-silica reaction in a monolithic opal. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1994, 77(11): 2849–2856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Fernandes I, Noronha F, Teles M. Examination of the concrete from an old Portuguese dam: Texture and composition of alkali-silica gel. Materials Characterization, 2007, 58(11–12): 1160–1170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Hansen W C. Studies relating to the mechanism by which the alkali-aggregate reaction produces expansion in concrete. Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 1944, 15: 213–227

    Google Scholar 

  72. Dent Glasser L S. Osmotic pressure and the swelling of gels. Cement and Concrete Research, 1979, 9(4): 515–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Poole A B. Alkali-silica reactivity mechanisms of gel formation and expansion. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, London (England). 1992, 104: 782–9

    Google Scholar 

  74. McGowan J K, Vivian H E. Studies in cement-aggregate reaction: Correlation between crack development and expansion of mortars. Australian Journal of Applied Science, 1952, 3: 228–232

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ponce J, Batic O. Different manifestations of the alkali-silica reaction in concrete according to the reaction kinetics of the reactive aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(6): 1148–1156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Idorn G M. A discussion of the paper “Mathematical model for kinetics of alkali-silica reaction in concrete” by Zdenek P. Bazănt and Alexander Steffens. Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, 31(7): 1109–1110

  77. Garcia-Diaz E, Riche J, Bulteel D, Vernet C. Mechanism of damage for the alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36(2): 395–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Ichikawa T, Miura M. Modified model of alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, 37(9): 1291–1297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Bazănt Z P, Zi G, Meyer C. Fracture mechanics of asr in concretes with waste glass particles of different sizes. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2000, 126(3): 226–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Hobbs D W. The alkali-silica reaction-a model for predicting expansion in mortar. Magazine of Concrete Research, 1981, 33(117): 208–220

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  81. Groves G W, Zhang X. A dilatation model for the expansion of silica glass/OPC mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 1990, 20(3): 453–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Furusawa Y, Ohga H, Uomoto T. An analytical study concerning prediction of concrete expansion due to alkali-silica reaction. Third International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Nice, France. 1994, 757–780

  83. Meyer C, Baxter S. Use of recycled glass and fly ash for precast concrete. Report NYSERDA 98-18 (4292-IABR-IA-96) to New York State Energy Research and Developement Authority, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University. 1998

  84. Suwito A, Jin W, Xi Y, Meyer C. A mathematical model for the pessimum effect of ASR in concrete. Concrete Science and Engineering, RILEM, 2002, 4: 23–34

    Google Scholar 

  85. Xi Y, Suwito A, Wen X, Meyer C, Jin W. Testing and modeling alkali-silica reaction and the associated expansion of concrete. Mechanics of Quasi-Brittle Materials and Structures, Proceedings of International Workshop in honor of Prof Z P Bazant 60th birthday, Hermes Science Publications, Paris. 1998

  86. Xi Y, Jennings H M. Shrinkage of cement paste and concrete modelled by a multiscale effective homogeneous theory. Materials and Structures, 1997, 30(6): 329–339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Fick A. Ueber Diffusion. Annalen der Physik, 1855, 170(1): 59–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Wang ZM, Kwan A K H, Chan H C. Mesoscopic study of concrete I: Generation of random aggregate structure and finite element mesh. Computers & Structures, 1999, 70(5): 533–544

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  89. Riche J, Garcia-Diaz E, Bulteel D, Siwak J M. Mechanism of damage for the alkali-silica reaction: relationship between swelling and reaction degree. in: Dhir R, Roderick Jones M, Li Z, eds, Repair, Rejuvenation and Enhancement of Concrete, Proceedings of International Conference of Dundee. 2002, 94–102

  90. Haha M B, Gallucci E, Guidoum A, Scrivener K L. Relation of expansion due to alkali silica reaction to the degree of reaction measured by SEM image analysis. Cement and Concrete Research, 2007, 37(8): 1206–1214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Moës N, Cloire M, Cartra P, Remacle J. A computational approach to handle complex microstructure geometries. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2003, 192: 3163–3177

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  92. Ben Haha M. Mechanical effects of alkali silica reaction in concrete studied by SEM-image analysis. DissertationTip. 2006

  93. Shin J h, Struble L J, Kirkpatrick R J. Modeling alkali-silica reaction using image analysis and finite element analysis. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Cement & Concrete and Canmet/Aci International Symposium on Concrete Technology for Sustainable Development, 2006, 3: 1669–1675

    Google Scholar 

  94. Shin J h. Modeling alkali-silica reaction using image analysis and finite element analysis. DissertationTip, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2009

  95. Struble L J, Diamond S. Swelling properties of synthetic alkali silica gels. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1981, 64(11): 652–655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Charlwood R G, Solymar S V, Curtis D D. A review of alkali aggregate reactions in hydroelectric plants and dams. Proceedings of the International Conference of Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in Hydroelectric Plants and Dams, Fredericton, Canada. 1992, 129

  97. Thompson G, Charlwood R, Steele R, Curtis D. Mactaquac generating station Intake and spillway remedial measures. Proceedings for the Eighteenth International Congress on Large Dams, Durban, South Africa. 1994, V. 1, Q-68, R. 24: 347–68

  98. Engineering IoS. Effects of Alkali-silica Reaction SETO, London. 1992

  99. Herrador M F, Martínez-Abella F, Hoyo Fernández-Gago R. Mechanical behavior model for ASR-affected dam concrete under service load: formulation and verification. Materials and Structures, 2009, 42(2): 201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Saouma V, Xi Y. Literature review of alkali aggregate reactions in concrete dams. Swiss Federal Office for Water and Geology, Bienne Switzerland, Report No CU/SA-XI-2004/001. 2004

  101. Huang M, Pietruszczak S. Numerical analysis of concrete structures subjected to alkali-aggregate reaction. Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, 1996, 1(4): 305–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Parvini M, Pietruszczak S, Gocevski V. Seismic analysis of hydraulic structures affected by alkali-aggregate reaction: a case study. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2001, 28(2): 332–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Winnicki A, Pietruszczak S. On mechanical degradation of reinforced concrete affected by alkali-silica reaction. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2008, 134(8): 611–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Coussy O. Mechanics of Porous Continua. Wiley, Chichester, UK. 1995

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  105. Atkins P W. Physical Chemistry. 5th ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  106. Farage M, Alves J L D, Fairbairn E M R. Macroscopic model of concrete subjected to alkali-aggregate reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 34(3): 495–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Fairbairn E M R, Ribeiro F L B, Lopes L E, Toledo-Filho R D, Silvoso M M. Modelling the structural behaviour of a dam affected by alkali-silica reaction. Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2005, 22(1): 1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Saouma V, Perotti L. Constitutive model for alkali-aggregate reactions. ACI Materials Journal, 2006, 103: 194–202

    Google Scholar 

  109. Multon S, Seignol J F, Toutlemonde F. Chemomechanical assessment of beams damaged by alkali-silica reaction. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2006, 18(4): 500–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Newell V A, Wagner C D. Fontana Dam A Crack in the Curve. Waterpower, 1999, 1–10

  111. Bangert F, Kuhl D, Meschke G. Chemo-hygro-mechanical modelling and numerical simulation of concrete deterioration caused by alkali-silica reaction. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2004, 28(78): 689–714

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  112. Poyet S, Sellier A, Capra B, Foray G, Torrenti J M, Cognon H, Bourdarot E. Chemical modelling of alkali silica reaction: Influence of the reactive aggregate size distribution. Materials and Structures, 2007, 40(2): 229–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Grimal E, Sellier A, Multon S, Le Pape Y, Bourdarot E. Concrete modelling for expertise of structures affected by alkali aggregate reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 2010, 40(4): 502–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Capra B, Sellier A. Orthotropic modelling of alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete structures: numerical simulations. Mechanics of Materials, 2003, 35(8): 817–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    J. W. Pan, J. T. Wang, Q. C. Sun & C. H. Zhang

  2. Civil and Computational Engineering Research Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK

    J. W. Pan, Y. T. Feng & D. R. J. Owen

Authors
  1. J. W. Pan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Y. T. Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. T. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Q. C. Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. C. H. Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. D. R. J. Owen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Y. T. Feng.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pan, J.W., Feng, Y.T., Wang, J.T. et al. Modeling of alkali-silica reaction in concrete: a review. Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 6, 1–18 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-012-0141-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-012-0141-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation