Abstract
Multi-stage triaxial compression tests for cylindrical red sandstone specimens (diameter of 50 mm, height of 100 mm) were carried out with a rock mechanics testing system and spatial acoustic emission (AE) locations were obtained by adopting an AE monitoring system. Based on spatial AE distribution evolution of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation, the relation between spatial AE events and triaxial deformation of red sandstone was analyzed. The results show that before peak strength, the spatial AE events are not active and distribute stochastically in the specimen, while after peak strength, the spatial AE events are very active and focus on a local region beyond final microscopic failure plane. During multi-stage triaxial deformation with five different confining pressures, the spatial AE distribution evolution in the red sandstone was obtained. The obtained spatial AE locations of red sandstone at the final confining pressure agree very well with the ultimate failure experimental mode. Finally, the influence of confining pressure on the spatial AE evolution characteristics of red sandstone during triaxial deformation was discussed. The AE behavior of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation is interpreted in the light of the Kaiser effect, which has a significant meaning for predicting the unstable failure of engineering rock mass.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
LOCKNER D. The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1993, 30(7): 883–899.
RUDAJEV V, VILHELM J, KOZAK J. Statistical precursors of instability of loaded rock samples based on acoustic emission [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstract, 1996, 33(7): 743–748.
SPIES T, EISENBLÄTTER J. Acoustic emission investigation of microcrack generation at geological boundaries [J]. Engineering Geology, 2001, 61: 181–188.
SHIOTANI T. Evaluation of long-term stability for rock slope by means of acoustic emission technique [J]. NDT&E International, 2006, 39: 217–228.
ISHIDA T, KANAGAWA T, KANAORI Y. Source distribution of acoustic emissions during an in-situ direct shear test: Implications for an analog model of seismogenic faulting in an inhomogeneous rock mass [J]. Engineering Geology, 2010, 110: 66–76.
YANG S Q. Strength and deformation behavior of red sandstone under multi-stage triaxial compression [J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2012, 49(6): 694–709.
ALKAN H, CINAR Y, PUSCH G. Rock salt dilatancy boundary from combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2007, 44: 108–119.
JING H W, ZHANG Z Y, XU G A. Study on electromagnetic and acoustic emission in creep experiments of water-containing rock samples [J]. Journal of China University and Mining and Technology, 2008, 18: 42–45.
MORADIAN Z A, BALLIVY G, RIVARD P, GRAVEL C, ROUSSEAU B. Evaluating damage during shear test of rock joints using acoustic emissions [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2010, 47: 590–598.
YANG S Q, JING H W. Strength failure and crack coalescence behavior of brittle sandstone samples containing a single fissure under uniaxial compression [J]. International Journal of Fracture, 2011, 168(2): 227–250.
MORADIAN Z A, BALLIVY G, RIVARD P. Correlating acoustic emission sources with damaged zones during direct shear test of rock joints [J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2012, 49(6): 710–718.
ZANG A, WAGNER C F, DRESEN G. Acoustic emission, micro-structure, and damage model of dry and wet sandstone stressed to failure [J] Journal of Geophysical Research, 1996, 101(17): 507–517, 521.
LEI X L, MASUDA K, NISHIZAWA O, JOUNIAUX L, LIU L, MA W, SATOH T, KUSUNOSE K. Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock [J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 2004, 26: 247–258.
THOMPSON B D, YOUNG R P, LOCKNER D A. Fracture in Westerly granite under AE feedback and constant strain rate loading: Nucleation, quasi-static propagation, and the transition to unstable fracture propagation [J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2006, 163, 995–1019.
LI Y H, LIU J P, ZHAO X D, YANG Y J. Experimental studies of the change of spatial correction length of acoustic emission events during rock fracture process [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2010, 47: 1254–1262.
XIE H P, LIU J F, JU Y, LI J, XIE L Z. Fractal property of spatial distribution of acoustic emissions during the failure process of bedded rock salt [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2011, 48: 1344–1351.
YANG S Q, JING H W, WANG S Y. Experimental study on strength, deformability, failure behavior and acoustic emission locations of red sandstone under triaxial compression [J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2012, 45(4): 583–606.
SCHUBNEL A, JONES G, THOMPSON B, FORTIN J, GUÉGUEN Y, YOUNG R P. Pore pressure induced rupture and aftershocks on intact and fractured sandstone in the laboratory [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, 34: 1–5.
BENSON P M, THOMPSON B D, MEREDITH P G, VINCIGUERRA S, YOUNG R P. Imaging slow failure in triaxially deformed Etna basalt using 3D acoustic-emission location and X-ray computed tomography [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, 34, L03303.
LOCKNER D, BYERLEE J, KUKSENKO V, PONOMAREV A, SIDORIN A. Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite [J]. Nature, 1991, 350: 39–42.
BENSON P M, MEREDITH P G, PLATZMAN E S, WHITE R E. Pore fabric shape anisotropy in porous sandstones and its relation to elastic wave velocity and permeability anisotropy under hydrostatic pressure [J] International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2007, 42(7/8): 890–899.
FORTIN J, STANCHITS S, DRESEN G, GUEGUEN Y. Acoustic emissions monitoring during inelastic deformation of porous sandstone: comparison of three modes of deformation [J]. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2009, 166(5/6/7): 823–841.
BRANTUT N, SCHUBNEL A, GUÉGUEN Y. Damage and rupture dynamics at the brittle-ductile transition: The case of gypsum [EJ/OL] Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011, 116, B01404.
WONG TF, DAVID C, ZHU W. The transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow in porous sandstones: Mechanical deformation [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997, 102(B2): 3009–3025.
KAISER J. Erkenntnisse und folgerungen aus der messung von gerauschen bei zugbeanspruchung von metallischen werkstoffen [J]. ArchivEisenhüttenwesen, 1953, 24: 43–45. (in Germeny)
LAVROV A. The Kaiser effect in rocks: Principles and stress estimation techniques [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2003, 40: 151–171.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item: Project(2014CB046905) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China; Project(2014YC10) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, Sq., Ni, Hm. & Wen, S. Spatial acoustic emission evolution of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation. J. Cent. South Univ. 21, 3316–3326 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-014-2305-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-014-2305-9