Abstract
Although startups' importance as "innovation drivers" and a resource for leveraging competitiveness has been established, these startups face difficulties in being sustained and continuing to survive, especially in emerging countries. These difficulties added to the changes to which startups are subjected, considering the context of industry 4.0, can make survival even more challenging. From this perspective, this paper aims to present a typology for startups 4.0. To achieve the proposed objective, we performed a systematic literature review, which covers three stages: (1) planning the review, (2) conducting the review, and (3) dissemination of knowledge. We screened 2434 studies and included 65 to synthesize. Our primary result is a typology with four classes, namely, “Strategy”, “Startups”, “Culture” and, “Methods”. This study's main contributions are (1) the methodological framework, (2) the set of recommendations that can facilitate achieving superior performance, and (3) future research guidelines. From the discussions presented, we believe that this research can help with elaborating hypotheses for developing new quantitative studies to empirically verify the impact of the proposed recommendations, considering the smart industry's advent.
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Appendix A: Research strings
Appendix A: Research strings
Organizational culture |
|---|
(TITLE-ABS-KEY (("organizational culture" OR "innovative culture") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY (("innovation culture" OR "innovative culture") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("organizational culture") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("organizational culture" AND "innovation")) AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("organizational culture" AND "performance")) AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("startup culture")) AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE,"English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE,"Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE,"Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("organizational culture" AND "performance")) AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND ("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("organizational culture" OR "innovative lture"))ND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND ("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND (LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
( TITLE-ABS-KEY ("innovation culture" OR "innovative culture")) AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND ("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND (LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
( TITLE-ABS-KEY ("organizational culture")) AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND ("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("organizational culture" AND "innovation")) AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND ("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY (("industry 4.0" OR "smart industry" OR "smart factory" OR "smart firm") AND "culture")) AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
Knowledge |
|---|
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("knowledge") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("technological knowledge" OR "professional skill") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("knowledge") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("knowledge management capability") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese") |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("knowledge") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("absorptive capability" OR "acquisition capability") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("knowledge") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("competence" AND "performance" AND "entrepreneurship") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("knowledge") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ("technological knowledge" OR "human knowledge" OR "professional skill") AND ("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("education 4.0") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("technological knowledge") AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("human knowledge") AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("professional skill") AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
Management |
|---|
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("management") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("management tool" OR "managerial tool") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("management") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("management capability" OR "managerial capability") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("management") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (("management methodology" OR "managerial methodology") AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "operation management") AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ( ( "startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND NOT ( "small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off")) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "management") AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ( "management tool" OR "managerial tool") AND ( "smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "management") AND DOCTYPE ( ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ( "management capability" OR "managerial capability") AND ( "smart industry" OR "smart firm" OR "smart factory" OR "industry 4.0") AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("management") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ("management methodology" OR "managerial methodology") AND ("industry 4.0" OR "smart industry" OR "smart factory" OR "smart firm") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("operation management") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ("industry 4.0" OR "smart industry" OR "smart factory" OR "smart firm") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("lean methodology" OR "clean methodology") AND ("startup" OR "high-tech startup" OR "technology-based firm") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("lean methodology" OR "clean methodology") AND ("industry 4.0" OR "smart industry" OR "smart factory" OR "smart firm") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("strategic management") AND ("startup" OR "high-tech startup" OR "technology-based firm") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("strategic management") AND ("industry 4.0" OR "smart industry" OR "smart factory" OR "smart firm") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
Technology |
|---|
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("technology") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ("startup" OR "technology-based firm" OR "high-technology startup") AND ("iot" OR "cloud computing" OR "cybersecurity" OR "augmented reality" OR "big data" OR "simulation" OR "additive manufacturing" OR "system integration" OR "robots") AND NOT ("small and medium enterprises" OR "spin-off") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
(TITLE-ABS-KEY ("technology") AND DOCTYPE (ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2018) AND ("industry 4.0" OR "smart industry" OR "smart factory" OR "smart firm") AND ("iot" OR "cloud computing" OR "cybersecurity" OR "augmented reality" OR "big data" OR "simulation" OR "additive manufacturing" OR "system integration" OR "robots") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese")) |
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Kaczam, F., Siluk, J.C.M., Guimaraes, G.E. et al. Establishment of a typology for startups 4.0. Rev Manag Sci 16, 649–680 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-021-00463-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-021-00463-y