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2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress Affects Implantation or Pregnancy in Mice, Mus musculus

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Abstract

The present experiment was designed to study the 2.45 GHz low-level microwave (MW) irradiation-induced stress response and its effect on implantation or pregnancy in female mice. Twelve-week-old mice were exposed to MW radiation (continuous wave for 2 h/day for 45 days, frequency 2.45 GHz, power density = 0.033549 mW/cm2, and specific absorption rate = 0.023023 W/kg). At the end of a total of 45 days of exposure, mice were sacrificed, implantation sites were monitored, blood was processed to study stress parameters (hemoglobin, RBC and WBC count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio), the brain was processed for comet assay, and plasma was used for nitric oxide (NO), progesterone and estradiol estimation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of ROS-scavenging enzymes— superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase—were determined in the liver, kidney and ovary. We observed that implantation sites were affected significantly in MW-irradiated mice as compared to control. Further, in addition to a significant increase in ROS, hemoglobin (p < 0.001), RBC and WBC counts (p < 0.001), N/L ratio (p < 0.01), DNA damage (p < 0.001) in brain cells, and plasma estradiol concentration (p < 0.05), a significant decrease was observed in NO level (p < 0.05) and antioxidant enzyme activities of MW-exposed mice. Our findings led us to conclude that a low level of MW irradiation-induced oxidative stress not only suppresses implantation, but it may also lead to deformity of the embryo in case pregnancy continues. We also suggest that MW radiation-induced oxidative stress by increasing ROS production in the body may lead to DNA strand breakage in the brain cells and implantation failure/resorption or abnormal pregnancy in mice.

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded by a research grant (5/10/FR/13/2010-RHN) from the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India to CMC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Saba Shahin, Vineet Prakash Singh & Chandra Mohini Chaturvedi

  2. Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India

    Ritesh K. Shukla & Alok Dhawan

  3. Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Ravi Kumar Gangwar & Surya Pal Singh

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  1. Saba Shahin
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Shahin, S., Singh, V.P., Shukla, R.K. et al. 2.45 GHz Microwave Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress Affects Implantation or Pregnancy in Mice, Mus musculus . Appl Biochem Biotechnol 169, 1727–1751 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-0079-9

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