Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

An Update on Genetic Modification of Chickpea for Increased Yield and Stress Tolerance

  • Review
  • Published:
Molecular Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chickpea is a highly nutritious grain legume crop, widely appreciated as a health food, especially in the Indian subcontinent. The major constraints on chickpea production are biotic (Helicoverpa, bruchid, aphid, ascochyta) and abiotic (drought, heat, salt, cold) stresses, which reduce the yield by up to 90%. Various strategies like conventional breeding, molecular breeding, and modern plant breeding have been used to overcome these problems. Conventionally, breeding programs aim at development of varieties that combine maximum number of traits through inter-specific hybridization, wide hybridization, and hybridization involving more than two parents. Breeding is difficult in this crop because of its self-pollinating nature and limited genetic variation. Recent advances in in vitro culture and gene technologies offer unique opportunities to realize the full potential of chickpea production. However, as of date, no transgenic chickpea variety has been approved for cultivation in the world. In this review, we provide an update on the development of genetically modified chickpea plants, including those resistant to Helicoverpa armigera, Callosobruchus maculatus, Aphis craccivora, as well as to drought and salt stress. The genes utilized for development of resistance against pod borer, bruchid, aphid, drought, and salt tolerance, namely, Bt, alpha amylase inhibitor, ASAL, P5CSF129A, and P5CS, respectively, are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

(Source: FAOSTAT, 2017)

Fig. 2

(Source: CommoditiesControl.com)

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ASAL:

Allium sativum leaf lectin

Bt:

Bacillus thuringiensis

CaMV35S:

Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter

CSIRO:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

GM:

Genetically modified

ICRISAT:

International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics

IARI:

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

IIPR:

Indian Institute of Pulses Research

MAS:

Marker-assisted selection

Mbps:

Mega base pairs

MT:

Million tons

mha:

Million hectares

P5CS :

Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase

References

  1. Rao, P. P., Birthal, P. S., Bhagavatula, S., & Bantilan, M. C. S. (2010). Chickpea and pigeonpea economies in Asia: Facts, trends and outlook. Patancheru: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Varshney, R. K., et al. (2013). Draft genome sequence of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Nature Biotechnology, 31, 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Gaur, P. M., Thudi, M., Samineni, S., & Varshney, R. K. (2014). Advances in chickpea genomics. In N. Gupta, N. Nadarajan & D. Sen Gupta (Eds.), Legumes in the omic era (pp. 73–94). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Garg, R., Shankar, R., Thakkar, B., et al. (2016). Transcriptome analyses reveal genotype and developmental stage-specific molecular responses to drought and salinity stresses in chickpea. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19228.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Ali, Q., Ahsan, M., Farooq, J., & Saleem, M. (2010). Genetic variability and trait association in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1, 328–333.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Singh, R., Sharma, P., Varshney, R. K., Sharma, S. K., & Singh, N. K. (2008). Chickpea improvement: Role of wild species and genetic markers. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, 25, 267–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gaikwad, A. R., Desai, N. C., Langhi, A. M., & Jadhav, S. D. (2011). Studies on genetic variability in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 17, 585–588.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Jain, M., Misra, G., Patel, R. K., et al. (2013). A draft genome sequence of the pulse crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The Plant Journal, 74, 715–729.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gupta, S., Nawaz, K., Parween, S., Roy, R., Sahu, K., Pole, A. K., et al. (2016). Draft genome sequence of Cicer reticulatum L., the wild progenitor of chickpea provides a resource for agronomic trait improvement. DNA Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dsw042.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Acharjee, S., & Sarmah, B. K. (2013). Biotechnlogically generating super chickpea for food and national security. Plant Science, 207, 108–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kar, S., et al. (1996). Expression of cry1Ac gene of Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic chickpea plants inhibits development of borer (Heliothis armigera) larvae. Transgenic Research, 15, 473–497.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sanyal, I., Singh, A. K., Kaushik, M., & Amla, D. V. (2005). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac gene for resistance against pod borer insect Helicoverpa armigera. Plant Science, 168, 1135–1146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Biradar, S. S., Sridevi, O., & Salimath, P. M. (2009). Genetic enhancement of chickpea for pod borer resistance through expression of Cry1Ac protein. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science, 22, 467–470.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Acharjee, S., Sarmah, B. K., Kumar, P. A., Olsen, K., Mahon, R., Moar, W. J., et al. (2010). Transgenic chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) expressing a sequence-modified cry2Aa gene. Plant Science, 178, 333–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Das, A., Datta, S., Thakur, S., Shukla, A., Ansari, J., Sujayanand, G. K., et al. (2017). Expression of a chimeric gene encoding insecticidal crystal protein cry1Aabc of Bacillus thuringiensis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) confers resistance to gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner). Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01423.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Chakraborty, J., Sen, S., Ghosh, P., Sengupta, A., Basu, D., & Das, S. (2016). Homologous promoter derived constitutive and chloroplast targeted expression of synthetic cry1Ac in transgenic chickpea confers resistance against Helicoverpa armigera. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 125, 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-0968-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kambrekar, D. N. (2016). Management of legume podborer, Helicoverpa armigera with host plant resistance. Legume Genomics and Genetics. https://doi.org/10.5376/lgg.2016.07.0005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sarmah, B. K., et al. (2004). Transgenic chickpea seeds expressing high levels of a bean alfa-amylase inhibitor. Molecular Breeding, 14, 73–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Chakraborti, D., Sarkar, A., Mondal, H. A., & Das, S. (2009). Tissue specific expression of potent insecticidal, Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) in important pulse crop, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to resist the phloem feeding Aphis craccivora. Transgenic Research, 18, 529–544.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bhatnagar-Mathur, P., Vadez, V., Devi, M. J., Lavanya, M., Vani, G., & Sharma, K. K. (2009). Genetic engineering of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with the P5CSF129A gene for osmoregulation with implications on drought tolerance. Molecular Breeding, 23, 591–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-009-9258-y.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Anbanzhagan, K., Bhatnagar-Mathur, P., Vadez, V., Reddy, D. S., Kishore, P. B. K., & Sharma, K. K. (2015). DREB1A overexpression in transgenic chickpea alters key traits influencing plant water budget across water regimes. Plant Cell Reports, 34, 199–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ghanti, K. K., Sujata, S., Vijay, K. G., Kumar, B. M., et al. (2011). Heterologous expression of P5CS gene in chickpea enhances salt tolerance without affecting yield. Biologia Plantarum, 55, 634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-011-0161-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jukanti, A. K., Gaur, P. M., Gowda, C. L. L., & Chibbar, R. N. (2012). Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): A review. British Journal of Nutrition, 108, S11–S26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang, N., Hatcher, D. W., Tyler, R. T., Toews, R., Gawalko, E. J. (2010). Effect of cooking on the composition of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). Food Research International, 43, 589–594.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chau, C. F., Cheung, P. C., & Wong, Y. S. (1997). Effect of cooking on content of amino acids and antinutrients in three Chinese indigenous legume seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 75, 447–452.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang, N., Lewis, M. J., Brennan, J. G., & Westby, A. (1997). Effect of processing methods on nutrients and anti-nutritional factors in cowpea. Food Chemistry, 58, 59–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. El-Adawy, T. A. (2002). Nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) undergoing different cooking methods and germination. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 57, 83–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Singh, P. K., Shrivastava, N., Sharma, B., & Bhagyawant, S. S. (2015). Effect of domestic processes on chickpea seeds for antinutritional contents and their divergence. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3(4), 111–117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gupta, N., Shrivastava, N., & Bhagyawant, S. S. (2017). Multivariate analysis based on nutritional value, antinutritional profile and antioxidant capacity of forty chickpea genotypes grown in India. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Patil, S. P., Niphadkar, P. V., & Bapat, M. M. (2001). Chickpea: A major food allergen in the Indian subcontinent and its clinical and immunochemical correlation. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 87(2), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62209-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. India’s trade destination of chickpea (2015–2016). Retrieved November 11, 2017 from http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/Pulses.pdf.

  32. Muehlbauer, F. J., & Sarker, A. (2017). Economic importance of chickpea: Production, value, and world trade. In R. K. Varshney et al. (Eds.), The chickpea genome, compendium of plant genomes. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66117-9_2.

  33. Leport, L., Turner, N. C., French, R. J., Barr, M. D., Duda, R., et al. (1999). Physiological responses of chickpea genotypes to terminal drought in a Mediterranean-type environment. European Journal of Agronomy, 11, 279–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Worldwide chickpea production scenario in 1980 and 2016 (2017). Retrieved May 19, 2018 from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#compare.

  35. Alexandratos, N., & Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 revision. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  36. State wise share to total production and area of chickpea in India (2015–2016). Retrieved November 10, 2017 from http://www.commoditiescontrol.com/eagritrader/common/newsdetail.php?type=SPR&itemid=8204&comid=,2,&frm=admin.

  37. Ryan, J. (1997). A global perspective on pigeonpea and chickpea sustainable production system: Present status and future potential. In A. Asthana, & A. M. Kapur (Eds.), Recent advances in pulses research in India (pp. 1–31). Kalyanpur: Indian Society for Pulses Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Millan, T., Clarke, H. J., Siddique, K. H. M., Bhuriwalla, H. K., Gaur, P. M., Kumar, J., et al. (2006). Chickpea molecular breeding: New tools and concepts. Euphytica, 147, 81–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Chaturvedi, S. K., & Nadarajan, N. (2010). Genetic enhancement for grain yield in chickpea accomplishments and resetting research agenda. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4), 611–615.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Levitt, J. (1972). Responses of plants to environmental stresses. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Turner, N. C. (1986). Crop water deficit: A decade of progress. Advances in Agronomy, 39, 1–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Loomis, R. S., & Connor, D. J. (1992). Crop ecology: Productivity and management in agricultural systems (pp. 224–256). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  43. Bent, A. F. (1996). Plant disease resistance genes: Function meets structure. The Plant Cell, 8, 1757–1771.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Hulbert, S. H., Webb, C. A., Smith, S. M., & Sun, Q. (2001). Resistance gene complexes: Evolution and utilization. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 39, 285–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Tameling, W. I. L., Elzinga, S. D. J., Darmin, P. S., Vossen, J. H., Takken, F. L. W., et al. (2002). The tomato R gene products I-2 and MI-1 are functional ATP binding proteins with ATPase activity. The Plant Cell, 14, 2929–2939.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Kobe, B., & Deisenhofer, J. (1995). A structural basis of the interactions between leucine-rich repeats and protein ligands. Nature, 374, 183–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lesiter, R. T., & Katagiri, F. (2000). A resistance gene product of the nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats class can form a complex with bacterial avirulence proteins in vivo. The Plant Journal, 22, 345–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Dangl, J. L., & Jones, J. D. G. (2001). Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature, 411, 826–833.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Meyers, B. C., Kozik, A., Griego, A., Kuang, H., & Michelmore, R. W. (2003). Genome-wide analysis of NBS-LRR-encoding genes in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 15, 809–834.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Monosi, B., Wisser, R. J., Pennill, L., & Hulbert, S. H. (2004). Full-genome analysis of resistance gene homologues in rice. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 109, 1434–1447.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ameline-Torregrosa, C., Wang, B. B., O’bleness, M. S., Deshpande, S., Zhu, H., et al. (2008). Identification and characterization of nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat genes in the model plant Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiology, 146, 5–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Radwan, O., Gandhi, S., Heesacker, A., Whitaker, B., Taylor, C., et al. (2008). Genetic diversity and genomic distribution of homologs encoding NBS-LRR disease resistance proteins in sunflower. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 280, 111–125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Glynn, N. C., Comstock, J. C., Sood, S. G., Dang, P. M., & Chaparro, J. X. (2008). Isolation of nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat and kinase resistance gene analogues from sugarcane Saccharum spp. Pest Management Science, 64, 48–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kumar, M., Mishra, S., Dixit, V. K., Kumar, M., Agrawal, L., Chauhan, P. S., et al. (2015). Synergistic effect of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ameliorates drought stress in chickpea. Plant Signaling & Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2015.1071004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Dua, R. P., & Sharma, P. C. (1995). Salinity tolerance of kabuli and desi chickpea genotypes. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter, 2, 19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Dua, R. P., Chaturvedi, S. K., & Shiv, S. (2001). Reference varieties of chickpea for IPR regime. Kanpur: Indian Institute of Pulses Research.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Shanower, T. G., Kelley, T. G., & Cowgill, S. E. (1998). Development of effective and environmentally sound strategies to control Helicoverpa armigera in pigeonpea and chickpea production systems. In R. K. Saini (Ed.), Tropical entomology. Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on tropical entomology (pp. 239–260). Nairobi: lClPE Science Press.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sharma, H. C., Gowda, C. L. L., Stevenson, P. C., Ridsdill-Smith, T. J., Clement, S. L., Ranga Rao, G. V., et al. (2007). Host plant resistance and insect pest management in chickpea. In S. S. Yadav, R. R. Redden, W. Chen & B. Sharma (Eds.), Chickpea breeding and management (pp. 520–537). Wallingford: CAB International.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  59. Forrester, N. W., Cahill, M., Bird, L., & Layland, J. K. (1993). Management of pyrethoid and endosulfan resistance in Helicoverpu urmigeru (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1, 1–132.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kranthi, K. R., Jadhav, D. R., Kranthi, S., Wanjari, R. R., Ali, S. S., & Russcll, D. A. (2002). Insecticide resistance in five major insect pests of cotton in India. Crop Protection, 21, 449–460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Fontana, G. S., Santini, L., Caretto, S., Frugis, G., & Mariotti, D. (1993). Genetic transformation in the grain legume (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Cell Reports, 12, 194–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ganguly, M., Molla, K. A., Karmakar, S., Datta, K., & Datta, S. K. (2014). Development of pod borer-resistant transgenic chickpea using a pod-specific and a constitutive promoter-driven fused cry1Ab/Ac gene. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 127, 2555–2565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2397-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sharma, H. C., Sharma, K. K., & Crouch, J. H. (2004). Genetic transformation of crops for insect resistance: Potential and limitations. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 23, 47–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Singh, K. B., Malhotra, R. S., Halila, H. M., Knights, E. J., & Verma, M. M. (1994). Current status and future strategy in breeding chickpea for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Euphytica, 73, 137–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Dayal, S., Lavanya, M., Devi, P., & Sharma, K. K. (2003). An efficient protocol for shoot regeneration and genetic transformation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) using leaf explants. Plant Cell Reports, 21, 1072–1079.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Boulter, D. (1993). Insect pest control by copying nature using genetically engineered crops. Phytochemistry, 34, 1453–1466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ussuf, K. K., Laxmi, N. H., & Mita, R. (2001). Protease inhibitors: Plant derived genes of insecticidal protein for developing insect resistant transgenic plants. Current Science, 80, 847–853.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Shade, R. E., Schroeder, R. E., Poueyo, J. J., Tabe, L. M., Murdock, L. I., Higgins, T. J. V., et al. (1994). Transgenic pea seeds expressing the α-amylase inhibitor of the common bean are resistant to bruchid beetles. Nature Biotechnology, 12, 793–796.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Schroeder, H. E., Gollash, S., & Moore, A. (1995). Bean α-amylase inhibitor confers resistance to the pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) in transgenic peas (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Physiology, 107, 1233–1239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Ryan, C. A. (1990). Protease inhibitors in plants: Genes for improving defense against insects and pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 28, 25–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Ishimoto, M., & Chrispeels, M. J. (1996). Protective mechanism of the Mexican bean weevil against high levels of α-amylase inhibitor in the common bean. Plant Physiology, 111, 393–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Ignacimuthu, S., & Prakash, S. (2006). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chickpea with alpha-amylase inhibitor gene for insect resistance. Journal of Biosciences, 31(3), 339–345.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Chokshi, D. (2006). Toxicity studies of Blockal, a dietary supplement containing phase 2 starch neutralizer (Phase 2), a standardized extract of the common white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). International Journal of Toxicology, 25(5), 361–371.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Barrett, M. L., & Udani, J. K. (2011). A proprietary alpha-amylase inhibitor from white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): A review of clinical studies on weight loss and glycemic control. Nutrition Journal, 10, 24. http://www.nutritionj.com/content/10/1/24.

  75. Lee, R. Y., Reiner, D., Dekan, G., Moore, A. E., Higgins, T. J., & Epstein, M. M. (2013). Genetically modified α-amylase inhibitor peas are not specifically allergenic in mice. PLoS ONE, 8, e52972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052972.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Dutta, I., Saha, P., Majumder, P., Sarkar, A., Chakraborti, D., Banerjee, S., et al. (2005). The efficacy of a novel insecticidal protein, Allium sativum leaf lectin (ASAL), against homopteran insects monitored in transgenic tobacco. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 3(6), 601–611.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Dutta, I., Majumder, P., Saha, P., Ray, K., & Das, S. (2005). Constitutive and phloem specific expression of Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) to engineer aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) resistance in transgenic Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Plant Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Yarasi, B., Sadumpati, V., Immanni, C. P., Vudem, D. R., & Khareedu, V. R. (2008). Transgenic rice expressing Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL) exhibits high level resistance against major sap-sucking pests. BMC Plant Biology, 8, 102–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Shukla, A. K., Upadhyay, S. K., Mishra, M., Saurabh, S., Singh, R., Singh, H., et al. (2016). Expression of an insecticidal fern protein in cotton protects against whitefly. Nature Biotechnology, 34, 1046–1051.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Chickpea improved varieties. Retrieved November 10, 2017 from http://www.dpd.gov.in/VARIETIES-Web%20site.pdf.

  81. Haware, M. P., & Nene, Y. L. (1982). Races of Fusarium oxysporum. Plant Disease, 66, 809–810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Pratap, A., Chaturvedi, S. K., Tomar, R., Rajan, N., Malviya, N., Thudi, M., et al. (2017). Marker-assisted introgression of resistance to fusarium wilt race 2 in Pusa 256, an elite cultivar of desi chickpea. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 292, 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-017-1343-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Gil, J., Castro, J. P., Millan, T., Madrid, E., & Rubio, J. (2017). Development of new kabuli large-seeded chickpea materials with resistance to Ascochyta blight. Crop and Pasture Science, 68(11), 967–972. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP17055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Li, Y., Ruperao, P., Batley, J., Edwards, D., Davidson, J., Hobson, K., et al. (2017). Genome analysis identified novel candidate genes for Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea using whole genome re-sequencing data. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00359.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Garg, T., Mallikarjuna, B. P., Thudi, M., Samineni, S., Singh, S., Sandhu, J. S., et al. (2018). Identification of QTLs for resistance to Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight in a recombinant inbred population of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Euphytica, 214, 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2125-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Indurker, S., Misra, H. S., & Eapen, S. (2007). Genetic transformation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with insecticidal crystal protein gene using particle gun bombardment. Plant Cell Reports, 26, 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-006-0283-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Asharani, B. M., Ganeshaiah, K. N., Raja, A., Kumar, V., & Makarla, U. K. (2011). Transformation of chickpea lines with Cry1X using in planta transformation and characterization of putative transformants T1 lines for molecular and biochemical characters. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 3(16), 413–423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Mehrotra, M., Singh, A. K., Sanyal, I., et al. (2011). Pyramiding of modified cry1Ab and cry1Ac genes of Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for improved resistance to pod borer insect Helicoverpa armigera. Euphytica, 182, 87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-011-0501-3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Chiaiese, P., Ohkama-Ohtsu, N., Molvig, L., Godfree, R., Dove, H., Hocart, C., et al. (2004). Sulphur and nitrogen nutrition influence the response of chickpea seeds to an added, transgenic sink for organic sulphur. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 1889–1901. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Nester, E. W., Altosaar, I., & Stotzky, G. (2002). 100 years of Bacillus thuringiensis: A critical scientific assessment. Ithaca: American Academy of Microbiology Colloquium Report. Based on Colloquium.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Collard, B. C. Y., & Mackill, D. J. (2008). Marker-assisted selection: An approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 557–572.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gao, L., et al. (2013). Do transgenesis and marker-assisted backcross breeding produce substantially equivalent plants?—A comparative study of transgenic and backcross rice carrying bacterial blight resistant gene Xa21. BMC Genomics, 14, 738.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Sheoran, S., Singh, R. K., & Tripathi, S. (2018). Marker assisted backcross breeding in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for drought tolerance. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(1), 1046–1050.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Khan, A., Sovero, V., & Gemenet, D. (2016). Genome-assisted breeding for drought resistance. Current Genomics, 17(4), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389202917999160211101417.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Ahmad, Z., Mumtaz, A. S., Ghafoor, A., Ali, A., & Nisar, M. (2014). Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for chickpea Fusarium oxysporum wilt resistant genotypes using PCR based molecular markers. Molecular Biology Reports, 41, 6755–6762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3561-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The study was supported by the New Initiative (as a Cross Flow Technology project) “Root Biology and its Correlation to Sustainable Plant Development and Soil Fertility” from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and project titled “Characterization of gene(s) responsible for tyloses formation in chickpea during Fusarium oxysporum infection” from Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, India. The manuscript communication number assigned to this manuscript by the Dean, R&D, Integral University, Lucknow, is IU/R&D/2018-MCN000228.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P., 226026, India

    Manoj Kumar

  2. Division of Plant Microbe Interactions, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, U.P., 226001, India

    Manoj Kumar & Manoj Kumar

  3. Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P., 226026, India

    Mohd Aslam Yusuf

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna, Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India

    Manisha Nigam

Authors
  1. Manoj Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohd Aslam Yusuf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manisha Nigam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Manoj Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manoj Kumar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, M., Yusuf, M.A., Nigam, M. et al. An Update on Genetic Modification of Chickpea for Increased Yield and Stress Tolerance. Mol Biotechnol 60, 651–663 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-018-0096-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-018-0096-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation