Abstract
The demand for fiber-reinforced composite materials is increasing in structural applications due to their crucial characteristics such as stiffness, strength, and durability and processing benefits at low cost. In this study, jute/carbon hybrid composite laminates were investigated for the effect of fabric hybridization and stacking sequence on tensile, impact, microhardness, water absorption, and thermal behavior of the material. The hand layup process was used to fabricate the composite laminates with four different stacking sequences. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the structural morphology and thermal stability of the fabricated composites. The experimental results exposed that the hybridization process enhanced the properties of jute reinforced composites. FT-IR and XRD analysis revealed that the alkalization process removed the binding constituents like lignin and hemicelluloses from raw jute fiber, which resulted in a higher crystallinity index. The TGA analysis proved that the hybrid composites are thermally stable at a higher temperature. The hybrid composite with Jute/Carbon/Carbon/Jute stacking patterns has the highest tensile strength of 234.68 MPa compred to other stacking sequences. The hybrid composite with Carbon/Jute/Jute/Carbon fabric stacking sequence exhibited enhanced impact strength of 108.45 kJ/m2 and better moisture resistance. The incorporation of jute with carbon declined the tensile strength and impact strength by 22% and 14%, respectively, compared to carbon-reinforced composites. The surface micrographs of the fractured samples exhibit the interfacial bonding of fiber/matrix, matrix crack, fiber fracture, and fiber pullouts.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- °C:
-
Temperature in Celsius
- wb :
-
Baseline mass of the specimens
- Mt :
-
Moisture absorption content
- mt :
-
Mass of the wet sample at a specific time t during immersion
- mo :
-
Mass of the dry sample at the initial time
- Sc :
-
Maximum intensity of the crystal plane
- Sa :
-
Maximum intensity of the amorphous phase
- XRD:
-
X-ray Diffraction
- 2θ:
-
Peak position
- CrI:
-
Crystallinity index
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
- TGA:
-
Thermogravimetric Analysis
- SEM:
-
Scanning Electron Microscope
References
Gay D, Hoa S V and Tsai S W 2003 Composite materials. Design and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Jawaid M, Khalil H P S A, Bakar A A and Khanam P N 2011 Chemical resistance, void content and tensile properties of oil palm/jute fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites. Mater. Des. 32: 1014–1019
Kalaprasad G and Thomas S 1995 Hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composites. Int. Plast. Eng. Technol. 1: 87–98
Subramonian S, Ali A and Amran M 2016 Effect of fiber loading on the mechanical properties of bagasse fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Adv. Mech. Eng. 8: 1–5
Howarth J, Mareddy S S and Mativenga P T 2014 Energy intensity and environmental analysis of mechanical recycling of carbon fiber composite. J. Clea. Prod. 81: 46–50
Braga R A and Magalhaes Jr P A A 2015 Analysis of the mechanical and thermal properties of jute and glass fiber as reinforcement epoxy hybrid composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 56: 269–273
Shamsuyeva M, Hansen O and Endres H 2019 Review on hybrid carbon/flax composites and their properties. Int. J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9624670
Elbaky M A and Attia M A 2019 Water absorption effect on the in-plane shear properties of jute-glass-carbon reinforced composites using Iosipescu test. J. Compos. Mater. 53: 3033–3045
Pandita S D, Yuan X and Manan M A 2014 Evaluation of jute/glass hybrid composite sandwich: Water resistance, impact properties ad life cycle assessment. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 33: 14–25
Khan M A, Ganster J and Fink H P 2009 Hybrid composites of jute ad man-made cellulose fibers with polypropylene by injection moulding. Compos. Part A: App. Sci. Manuf. 40: 846–851
Mohan R and Kishore 1985 Jute-glass sandwich composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 4: 186–194
Jawaid M and Khalil H P S A 2011 Cellulosic/synthetic fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: a review. Carbohyd. Polym. 86: 1–18
Ahmed K S and Vijayarangan S 2008 Tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear properties of woven jute and jute-glass fabric reinforced polyester composites. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 207: 330–335
Flynn J, Amiri A and Ulven C 2016 Hybridized carbon and flax fiber composites for tailored performance. Mater. Des. 102: 21–29
Gujjala R, Ojha S and Acharya S K 2014 Mechanical properties of woven jute-glass hybrid reinforced epoxy composite. J. Compos. Mater. 48: 3445–3455
Rafiquzzaman M, Islam M M and Rahman M H 2016 Mechanical property evaluation of glass–jute fiber reinforced polymer composites. Polym. Adv. Technol. 27: 1308–1316
Elbaky M A A 2017 Evaluation of mechanical properties of jute/glass/carbon fibers reinforced hybrid composites. Fib. Polym. 18: 2417–2432
Sezgin H and Berkalp O B 2016 The effect of hybridization on significant characteristics of jute/glass and jute/carbon-reinforced composites. J. Ind. Text. 47: 283–296
Nayak SK, Mohanty S and Samal S K 2009 Influence of short bamboo/glass fiber on the thermal, dynamic mechanical and rheological properties of polypropylene hybrid composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 523: 32–38
Jarukumjorn K and Suppakarn N 2009 Effect of glass fiber hybridization on properties of sisal fiber-polypropylene composites. Compos. Part B: Eng. 40: 623–627
Atiqah A, Jawaid M, Sapuan S and Ishak M 2019 Dynamic mechanical properties of sugar palm/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane hybrid composites. Polym. Compos. 40: 1329–1334
Margabandu S and Subramaniam S 2019 Experimental evaluation and numerical validation of bending and impact behaviours of hybrid composites with various stacking arrangements. Mater. Res. Exp. https://doi.org/10.1088/20531591/ab54e7
Sathishkumar G K, Rajkumar G Srinivasan K and Umapathy M J 2018 Structural analysis and mechanical properties of lignite fly-ash-added jute-epoxy polymer matrix composite. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 37: 90–104
Jauhari N, Mishra R and Thakur H 2015 Natural fiber reinforced composite laminates - a review. Mater. Today: Proce. 2: 2868–2877
Mir A, Zitoune R and Collombet F 2010 study of mechanical and thermomechanical properties of jute/epoxy composite laminate. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 29: 1669–1680
Goliath A, Kumar M S, Elayaperumal A 2014 Experimental investigations on mechanical properties of jute fibre reinforced composites with polyester and epoxy resin matrices. Proce. Eng. 97: 2052–2063
Zin M H, Abdan K, Mazlan N, Zainudin E S and Liew K E 2018 The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) and adhesion to epoxy resin. IOP Conference Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 368: 012035
Kabir M M, Wang H, Aravinthan T, Cardona F and Lau K T 2011 Effects of Natural Fibre Surface on Composite Properties: A Review. In: Proceedings of the 1st international postgraduate conference on engineering, designing and developing the built environment for sustainable wellbeing (eddBE2011), 94–99
Ray D, Das M and Mitra D 2009 Influence of alkali treatment on creep properties and crystalinity of jute fibres. BioResources, 4: 730–739
Vinayagamoorthy R and Rajeswari N 2014 Mechanical performance studies on vetiveria zizanioides/jute/glass fiber-reinforced hybrid polymeric composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 33: 81–92
Ramamoorthy S K, Di Q, Adekunle K and Skrifvars M 2012 Effect of water absorption on mechanical properties of soyabean oil thermosets reinforced with natural fibers. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 31: 1191–1200
Suthenthiraveerappa V and Gopalan V 2017 Elastic constants of tapered laminated woven jute/epoxy and woven aloe/epoxy composites under the influence of porosity. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 36: 1453–1469
Munoz E and García-Manrique, J A 2015. Water absorption behaviour and its effect on the mechanical properties of flax fibre reinforced bio epoxy composites. Int. J. Polym. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/390275
Pinto M A, Chalivendra V B, Kim Y K and Lewis A F 2014 Evaluation of surface treatment and fabrication methods for jute fiber/epoxy laminar composites. Polym. Compos. 35: 310–317
Kumar R, Kumar K, Bhowmik S and Sarkhel G 2019 Tailoring the performance of bamboo filler reinforced epoxy composite: insights into fracture properties and fracture mechanism. J. Polym. Res. 26: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-019-1720-x
Athijayamani A, Thiruchitrambalam M, Natarajan U and Pazhanivel B 2012 Effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of randomly oriented natural fibers/polyester hybrid composite. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 517: 344–353
Aji I S, Zainudin E S, Abdan K, Sapuan S M and Khairul M D 2012 Mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of hybridized kenaf/pineapple leaf fibre-reinforced high-density polyethylene composite. J. Compos. Mater. 47: 979–990
Naveen J, Jawaid M, Zainudin E S, Sultan M T H and Yahaya R 2019 Mechanical and moisture diffusion behaviour of hybrid Kevlar/cocos nucifera sheath reinforced epoxy composites. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 8: 1308–1318
Sanjay M A and Yogesha B 2016 Studies on mechanical properties of jute/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. J. Min. Mater. Charac. Eng. 4: 15–25
Ramesh M, Logesh R, Manikandan M, Kumar N S and Pratap D V 2017 Mechanical and water intake properties of banana-carbon hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composites. Mater. Res. 20: 365–376
Murugan R, Ramesh R, Padmanabhan K, Jeyaraam R and Krishna S 2014 Experimental investigation on static mechanical properties of glass/carbon hybrid woven fabric composite laminates. Adv. Mater. Res. 903: 96–101
Arthanarieswaran V P, Kumaravel A and Kathirselvam M 2014 Evaluation of mechanical properties of banana and sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composites: Influence of glass fibre hybridization. Mater. Des. 64: 194–202
Dhakal H N, Zhang Z Y, Guthrie R, MacMullen J and Bennett N 2013 Development of flax/carbon fibre hybrid composites for enhanced properties. Carbohyd. Polym. 96: 1–8
Ramnath B V, Kokan S J, Raja R N, Sathyanarayanan R, Elanchezhian C, Prasad A R and Manickavasagam V M 2013 Evaluation of mechanical properties of abaca-jute-glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite. Mater. Des. 51: 357–366
Arumugam S, Kandasamy J, Md Shah A U, Hameed Sultan M T, Safri S N A, Abdul Majid M S, Basri A A and Mustapha F 2020 Investigations on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber/Sisal Fiber/Chitosan Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Sandwich Composite Scaffolds for Bone Fracture Fixation Applications. Polym. 12: 1501
Ma H and Joo CW 2010 Structure and mechanical properties of jute–polylactic acid biodegradable composites. J. Compos. Mater. 45: 1451–1460
Alemdar A and Sain M 2008 Biocomposites from wheat straw nanofibers: morphology, thermal and mechanical properties. Compos. Sci. Technol. 68: 557–565
Padal K T B, Ramji K and Prasad V V S 2014 Mechanical properties of jute nanofibres reinforced composites. Glo. J. Res. Eng. 14: 1–6
Tshboi M 1957 Infrared spectrum and crystal structure of cellulose. J. Polym. sci. 25: 159–171
Jabasingh S A and Nachiyar C V 2012 Process optimization for the biopolishing of jute fibers with cellulases from Aspergillus Nidulans AJ SU04. Int. J.Biosci., Biochem. Bioinfor. 2: 12–15
Sreekumar P A, Leblanc N, Saiah R, Joseph K, Unnikrishnan G and Thomas S 2008 Thermal behavior of chemically treated and untreated sisal fiber reinforced composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Compos. Int. 15: 629–650
Arunavathi S, Eithiraj R D, and Veluraja K 2017 Physical and mechanical properties of jute fiber and jute fiber reinforced paper bag with tamarind seed gum as a binder: An eco-friendly material. AIP Conf. Proc. 1832: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4980228
Sinha E and Rout S K 2009 Influence of fibre-surface treatment on structural, thermal and mechanical properties of jute fibre and its composite. Bull. Mater. Sci. 32: 65–76
Amantes B P, Melo R P, Neto R P C and Marques M F V 2017 Chemical treatment and modification of jute fiber surface. Chem. Chem. Technol. 11: 333–343
Kabir M M, Islam M M and Wang H 2013 Mechanical and thermal properties of jute fiber reinforced composites. J. Multi. Compos. 1: 71–77
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sathiyamoorthy, M., Senthilkumar, S. Mechanical, thermal, and water absorption behaviour of jute/carbon reinforced hybrid composites. Sādhanā 45, 278 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-020-01514-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-020-01514-y