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Reinventing Planning: Critical Reflections

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Abstract

There is a growing acceptance in international development circles of the contribution a revitalised planning can make to addressing key urban challenges. Current expectations that planning can play roles in managing the growth of cities in ways that promote their sustainability, inclusiveness and liveability, contrasts with past perceptions of planning as an irrelevant discipline obsessed with spatial ordering and control. This paper considers whether the new forms of planning can address the challenges facing cities, with particular reference to the South African context. It does so through providing an overview of the shift in thinking about planning, and reflecting on the new agendas for planning as well as on some of their silences. It argues that the new approaches need to be understood in terms of contemporary urban and planning theories which are rethinking the nature of planning and its relationship to power and institutions, and which view cities as complex, dynamic places, embodying multiple interests and spatialities. These perspectives can help to enrich our understanding of the new approaches to planning, and to avoid ineffectiveness or a return to the negative elements of modernist planning of the past. The paper demonstrates the argument through focusing on some of the recent themes that have received attention in the contemporary international agendas for planning: the cross-cutting themes of sustainability and gender; the infrastructural turn in planning; and the ambiguities of the compact city. While these are quite particular concerns, they highlight the complexities of institutionalising the new approaches to planning, and ways of thinking about spatial planning.

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Notes

  1. These patterns are not uniform and have occurred in different ways across contexts—see UN-Habitat (2009) for a general review, Hirt and Stanilov (2008) for East European contexts, Irazabel et al. (2008) on Latin America, Zerah (2008) on India and Kooy and Bakker(2008) on Jakarta.

  2. See several papers presented at the African Association of Planning Schools conference in 2008.

  3. I am grateful to Mike Kahn, emeritus professor of planning at the University of KwaZulu-Natal for a discussion of some of the dynamics at work.

  4. See also the literature applying new institutionalism to planning, such as Vigar et al. (2000), and a special issue of Planning Theory 1(10), 2005, amongst others.

  5. See also Yiftachel (2006), Roy (2009) on seeing planning from south and eastern perspectives.

  6. The literature on agonism considers how conflict can be incorporated in planning (see Ploger 2004; Hillier 2002).

  7. Such as the Plymouth gender audit conducted as part of the strategic plan (although recommendations were not subsequently implemented); the Integrated Built Environment Development Project in Thatta Pakistan where women were specifically included in participation processes and were targeted by the activities of the project; and the gender audits in the Safer Cities projects in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, for example.

  8. This kind of research is currently being undertaken by Amanda Williamson.

  9. This section and the next reflect on and extends research undertaken for UN-Habitat (2009).

  10. For instance, in South Africa, one approach to densification has been through the use of small sites for low income housing, which are generally resented by communities. Larger sites however may result in higher population densities since the plot can be used to accommodate larger, extended households or to allow rental. Another approach is to establish townhouse complexes which are built to higher densities than suburban lots; however, these developments are usually oriented to the motor car and do little to reduce this dependence. There is also extensive debate in the literature on high rise development and its social impacts (see Coleman 1985).

  11. Thanks to Alan Mabin for this point.

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Acknowledgements

This material is based upon work supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF), South Africa. Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and therefore the NRF does not accept any liability in regard thereto. Thanks to Alan Mabin, Shireen Hassim, Amanda Williamson and Vanessa Watson for comments on an earlier version of this paper.

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    Alison Todes

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Todes, A. Reinventing Planning: Critical Reflections. Urban Forum 22, 115–133 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-011-9109-x

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