Abstract
2-Aminobenzoic acid has been used as an amine in diazocoupling reaction to form an azo dye in the quantification of nitrite/nitrate at trace level. The formed azo dye has an absorption maximum at 550 nm in aqueous phase, and the resulted dye can be extracted into organic solvent to lower the detection limit. The method obeys Beer's law in the concentration range 0–10 µg of nitrite in 25 ml of aqueous solution with a molar absorptivity of 3.6 × 103 L mol−1 cm−1 and 0–2 µg of nitrite in 5 ml of organic phase. The detection limit of the dye has been found to be 0.056 μg ml−1. Nitrate is determined by reducing it to nitrite after passing through a copperized cadmium reductor column. The effect of interfering ions on the determination of nitrite/nitrate has been described. The developed method has been applied to determine the nitrite/nitrate trace level in vegetable, fruit juice, and milk powder samples.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
APHA (1995) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater analysis, 19th edition, Washington DC
Burakhama R, Oshimab M, Grudpan K, Motomizu S (2004) Simple flow-injection system for the simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in water samples. Talanta 64:1259–1265
Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Dallongeville J (2009) Fruits, vegetables and coronary heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 6:599–608
Erkekoglu P, Sipahi H, Baydar T (2009) Evaluation of nitrite in ready-made soups. Food Anal Methods 2:61–65
Ermer J (2001) Validation in pharmaceutical analysis. Part I: an integrated approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 24:755
Favell DJ (1998) A comparison of the vitamin C content of fresh and frozen vegetables. Food Chem 62:59–64
Gapper LW, Fong BY, Otter DE, Indyk HE, Woollard DC (2004) Determination of nitrite and nitrate in dairy products by ion exchange LC with spectrophotometric detection. International Diary Journal 14:881–887
Hartman PE (2006) Putative mutagens and carcinogens in foods: Nitrate/nitrite ingestion and gastric cancer mortality. Review. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 5:111–121
Hsu J, Arcot J, Lee NA (2009) Nitrate and nitrite quantification from cured meat and vegetables and their estimated dietary intake in Australians. Food Chem 115:334–339
International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, ICH Harmonized Tripartite 4 Guideline, Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Complementary Guideline on Methodology dated 06 November (1996), incorporated in November (2005) London
Jiang ZT, Guo YX, Li R (2009) Spectrophotometric determination of trace nitrite with brilliant crystal blue using β-cyclodextrin as a sensitizer. Food Anal Methods. doi:10.1007/s12161-009-9079-y
Kidmose U, Knuthsen P, Edelenbos M, Justesen U, Hegelund E (2001) Carotenoids and flavonoids in organically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L) genotypes after deep frozen storage. J Sci Food Agric 81:918–923
Leonardo M (2009) Development and validation of a method for determination of residual nitrite/nitrate in foodstuffs and water after zinc reduction. Food Anal Methods 2:212–220
Marshall PA, Trenerry V (1996) The determination of nitrite and nitrate in foods by capillary ion electrophoresis. Food Chem 57:339–345
McMullen SE, Casanova JA, Gross LK, Frank J, Schenck FJ (2005) Ion chromatographic determination of nitrate and nitrite in vegetable and fruit baby foods. J AOAC Int 88:1793–1796
Nam PH, Alejandra B, Frédéric H, Didier B, Olivier S, Pauss A (2008) A new quantitative and low-cost determination method of nitrate in vegetables, based on deconvolution of UV spectra. Talanta 76:936–940
Prasad S, Chetty AA (2008) Nitrate-N determination in leafy vegetables: study of the effects of cooking and freezing. Food Chem 106:772–780
Puckett LJ (1995) Identifying the major sources of nutrient water pollution. Environ Sci Technol 29:408A–414A
Santamaria P (2005) Review. Nitrate in vegetables: toxicity, content, intake and EC regulations: University of Bari, Italy. 86:10–17
Shabir GA (2003) Validation of high-performance liquid chromatography methods for Pharmaceutical analysis: Understanding the differences and similarities between. Validation requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration, the US Pharmacopeia and the International Conference on Harmonization. J Chromatogr A 987:57
U.S. Environmental (2004) Protection Agency, drinking water standards and health advisories, Washington, DC, (EPA 822-r-04-005)
Van Staden JF, Makhafola MA (1996) Spectrophotometeric determination of nitrite in foodstuffs by flow injection analysis. Fresenius’ J Anal Chem 356:70–74
Yue X-F, Zhang Z-Q, Yan H-T (2004) Flow injection catalytic spectrophotometric simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate. Talanta 62:97–101
Wootton M, Kok SH, Buckle KA (2006) Determination of nitrite and nitrate levels in meat and vegetable products by high performance liquid chromatography. J Sci Food Agric 36:297–304
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge UGC-DRS program of the Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, for financial assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pandurangappa, M., Venkataramanappa, Y. Quantification of Nitrite/Nitrate in Food Stuff Samples Using 2-Aminobenzoic Acid as a New Amine in Diazocoupling Reaction. Food Anal. Methods 4, 90–99 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-010-9138-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-010-9138-4