Abstract
With strong electron-phonon coupling, the self-trapped excitons are usually formed in materials, which leads to the local lattice distortion and localized excitons. The self-trapping strongly depends on the dimensionality of the materials. In the three-dimensional case, there is a potential barrier for self-trapping, whereas no such barrier is present for quasi-one-dimensional systems. Two-dimensional (2D) systems are marginal cases with a much lower potential barrier or nonexistent potential barrier for the self-trapping, leading to the easier formation of self-trapped states. Self-trapped excitons emission exhibits a broadband emission with a large Stokes shift below the bandgap. 2D perovskites are a class of layered structure material with unique optical properties and would find potential promising optoelectronic. In particular, self-trapped excitons are present in 2D perovskites and can significantly influence the optical and electrical properties of 2D perovskites due to the soft characteristic and strong electron-phonon interaction. Here, we summarized the luminescence characteristics, origins, and characterizations of self-trapped excitons in 2D perovskites and finally gave an introduction to their applications in optoelectronics.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brenner T M, Egger D A, Kronik L, Hodes G, Cahen D. Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites: low-cost semiconductors with intriguing charge-transport properties. Nature Reviews Materials, 2016, 1(1): 15007
Li W, Wang Z, Deschler F, Gao S, Friend R H, Cheetham A K. Chemically diverse and multifunctional hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites. Nature Reviews Materials, 2017, 2(3): 16099
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL efficiency chart. 2020
Wang Z, Shi Z, Li T, Chen Y, Huang W. Stability of perovskite solar cells: a prospective on the substitution of the A cation and X anion. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(5): 1190–1212
Dou L. Emerging two-dimensional halide perovskite nanomaterials. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 2017, 5(43): 11165–11173
Etgar L. The merit of perovskite’s dimensionality; can this replace the 3D halide perovskite? Energy & Environmental Science, 2018, 11 (2): 234–242
Grancini G, Nazeeruddin M K. Dimensional tailoring of hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics. Nature Reviews Materials, 2019, 4(1): 4–22
Li J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Lin G, Xiong X, Zhou W, Luo H, Li D. Fabrication of single phase 2D homologous perovskite microplates by mechanical exfoliation. 2D Materials, 2018, 5(2): 021001
Fang C, Wang H, Shen Z, Shen H, Wang S, Ma J, Wang J, Luo H, Li D. High-performance photodetectors based on lead-free 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite/MoS2 heterostructures. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(8): 8419–8427
Ma J, Fang C, Chen C, Jin L, Wang J, Wang S, Tang J, Li D. Chiral 2D perovskites with a high degree of circularly polarized photoluminescence. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(3): 3659–3665
Cao D H, Stoumpos C C, Farha O K, Hupp J T, Kanatzidis M G. 2D homologous perovskites as light-absorbing materials for solar cell applications. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(24): 7843–7850
Smith M D, Connor B A, Karunadasa H I. Tuning the luminescence of layered halide perovskites. Chemical Reviews, 2019, 119(5): 3104–3139
Gao Y, Shi E, Deng S, Shiring S B, Snaider J M, Liang C, Yuan B, Song R, Janke S M, Liebman-Peláez A, Yoo P, Zeller M, Boudouris B W, Liao P, Zhu C, Blum V, Yu Y, Savoie B M, Huang L, Dou L. Molecular engineering of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites quantum wells. Nature Chemistry, 2019, 11(12): 1151–1157
Dou L, Wong A B, Yu Y, Lai M, Kornienko N, Eaton S W, Fu A, Bischak C G, Ma J, Ding T, Ginsberg N S, Wang L W, Alivisatos A P, Yang P. Atomically thin two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. Science, 2015, 349(6255): 1518–1521
Straus D B, Kagan C R. Electrons, excitons, and phonons in two-dimensional hybrid perovskites: connecting structural, optical, and electronic properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2018, 9(6): 1434–1447
Blancon J C, Tsai H, Nie W, Stoumpos C C, Pedesseau L, Katan C, Kepenekian M, Soe C M, Appavoo K, Sfeir M Y, Tretiak S, Ajayan P M, Kanatzidis M G, Even J, Crochet J J, Mohite A D. Extremely efficient internal exciton dissociation through edge states in layered 2D perovskites. Science, 2017, 355(6331): 1288–1292
Chen Y, Sun Y, Peng J, Tang J, Zheng K, Liang Z. 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites for optoelectronics. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(2): 1703487
Wang J, Su R, Xing J, Bao D, Diederichs C, Liu S, Liew T C H, Chen Z, Xiong Q. Room temperature coherently coupled excitonpolaritons in two-dimensional organic-inorganic perovskite. ACS Nano, 2018, 12(8): 8382–8389
Yuan M, Quan L N, Comin R, Walters G, Sabatini R, Voznyy O, Hoogland S, Zhao Y, Beauregard E M, Kanjanaboos P, Lu Z, Kim D H, Sargent E H. Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nature Nanotechnology, 2016, 11(10): 872–877
Ha S T, Shen C, Zhang J, Xiong Q. Laser cooling of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites. Nature Photonics, 2016, 10(2): 115–121
Straus D B, Hurtado Parra S, Iotov N, Gebhardt J, Rappe A M, Subotnik J E, Kikkawa J M, Kagan C R. Direct observation of electron-phonon coupling and slow vibrational relaxation in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2016, 138(42): 13798–13801
Li J, Wang J, Ma J, Shen H, Li L, Duan X, Li D. Self-trapped state enabled filterless narrowband photodetections in 2D layered perovskite single crystals. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 806
Wu X, Trinh M T, Niesner D, Zhu H, Norman Z, Owen J S, Yaffe O, Kudisch B J, Zhu X Y. Trap states in lead iodide perovskites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(5): 2089–2096
Cortecchia D, Neutzner S, Srimath Kandada A R, Mosconi E, Meggiolaro D, De Angelis F, Soci C, Petrozza A. Broadband emission in two-dimensional hybrid perovskites: the role of structural deformation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(1): 39–42
Dohner E R, Jaffe A, Bradshaw L R, Karunadasa H I. Intrinsic white-light emission from layered hybrid perovskites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2014, 136(38): 13154–13157
Mao L, Guo P, Kepenekian M, Hadar I, Katan C, Even J, Schaller R D, Stoumpos C C, Kanatzidis M G. Structural diversity in white-light-emitting hybrid lead bromide perovskites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(40): 13078–13088
Mao L, Wu Y, Stoumpos C C, Wasielewski M R, Kanatzidis M G. White-light emission and structural distortion in new corrugated two-dimensional lead bromide perovskites. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(14): 5210–5215
Williams R T, Song K S. The self-trapped exciton. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 1990, 51(7): 679–716
Smith M D, Karunadasa H I. White-light emission from layered halide perovskites. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2018, 51(3): 619–627
Smith M D, Jaffe A, Dohner E R, Lindenberg A M, Karunadasa H I. Structural origins of broadband emission from layered Pb-Br hybrid perovskites. Chemical Science (Cambridge), 2017, 8(6): 4497–4504
Stoumpos C C, Cao D H, Clark D J, Young J, Rondinelli J M, Jang J I, Hupp J T, Kanatzidis M G. Ruddlesden-Popper hybrid lead iodide perovskite 2D homologous semiconductors. Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 28(8): 2852–2867
Wang S, Ma J, Li W, Wang J, Wang H, Shen H, Li J, Wang J, Luo H, Li D. Temperature-dependent band gap in two-dimensional perovskites: thermal expansion interaction and electron-phonon interaction. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2019, 10(10): 2546–2553
Blancon J C, Stier A V, Tsai H, Nie W, Stoumpos C C, Traoré B, Pedesseau L, Kepenekian M, Katsutani F, Noe G T, Kono J, Tretiak S, Crooker S A, Katan C, Kanatzidis M G, Crochet J J, Even J, Mohite A D. Scaling law for excitons in 2D perovskite quantum wells. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 2254
Li J, Ma J, Cheng X, Liu Z, Chen Y, Li D. Anisotropy of excitons in two-dimensional perovskite crystals. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(2): 2156–2161
Yu J, Kong J, Hao W, Guo X, He H, Leow W R, Liu Z, Cai P, Qian G, Li S, Chen X, Chen X. Broadband extrinsic self-trapped exciton emission in Sn-doped 2D lead-halide perovskites. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(7): e1806385
Yangui A, Garrot D, Lauret J S, Lusson A, Bouchez G, Deleporte E, Pillet S, Bendeif E E, Castro M, Triki S, Abid Y, Boukheddaden K. Optical investigation of broadband white-light emission in self-assembled organic-inorganic perovskite (C6H11NH3)2PbBr4. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2015, 119(41): 23638–23647
Zhou C, Lin H, Shi H, Tian Y, Pak C, Shatruk M, Zhou Y, Djurovich P, Du M H, Ma B. A zero-dimensional organic seesaw-shaped tin bromide with highly efficient strongly Stokes-shifted deep-red emission. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2018, 57(4): 1021–1024
Zhou G, Su B, Huang J, Zhang Q, Xia Z. Broad-band emission in metal halide perovskites: mechanism, materials, and applications. Materials Science and Engineering R Reports, 2020, 141(1): 100548
Yuan Z, Zhou C, Tian Y, Shu Y, Messier J, Wang J C, van de Burgt L J, Kountouriotis K, Xin Y, Holt E, Schanze K, Clark R, Siegrist T, Ma B. One-dimensional organic lead halide perovskites with efficient bluish white-light emission. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1): 14051
Li X, Guo P, Kepenekian M, Hadar I, Katan C, Even J, Stoumpos C C, Schaller R D, Kanatzidis M G. Small cyclic diammonium cation templated (110)-oriented 2D halide (X = I, Br, Cl) perovskites with white-light emission. Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31(9): 3582–3590
Mao L, Wu Y, Stoumpos C C, Traore B, Katan C, Even J, Wasielewski M R, Kanatzidis M G. Tunable white-light emission in single-cation-templated three-layered 2D perovskites (CH3CH2NH3)4Pb3Br10xClx. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2017, 139(34): 11956–11963
Gautier R, Paris M, Massuyeau F. Exciton self-trapping in hybrid lead halides: role of halogen. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2019, 141(32): 12619–12623
Cortecchia D, Yin J, Bruno A, Lo S Z A, Gurzadyan G G, Mhaisalkar S, Brédas J L, Soci C. Polaron self-localization in white-light emitting hybrid perovskites. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 2017, 5(11): 2771–2780
Luo J, Wang X, Li S, Liu J, Guo Y, Niu G, Yao L, Fu Y, Gao L, Dong Q, Zhao C, Leng M, Ma F, Liang W, Wang L, Jin S, Han J, Zhang L, Etheridge J, Wang J, Yan Y, Sargent E H, Tang J. Efficient and stable emission of warm-white light from lead-free halide double perovskites. Nature, 2018, 563(7732): 541–545
Li S, Luo J, Liu J, Tang J. Self-trapped excitons in all-inorganic halide perovskites: fundamentals, status, and potential applications. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2019, 10(8): 1999–2007
Li L, Jin L, Zhou Y, Li J, Ma J, Wang S, Li W, Li D. Filterless polarization-sensitive 2D perovskite narrowband photodetectors. Advanced Optical Materials, 2019, 7(23): 1900988
Acknowledgements
D. L. acknowledges the support from the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2018YFA0704403), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 61674060), and Innovation Fund of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Junze Li obtained his Ph.D. degree in Physical Electronics from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China in June 2020. In July 2020, he joined School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China as a postdoctoral. His current research interests focus on optoelectronic devices based on 2D perovskite.
Haizhen Wang is a scientist in School of Optical and Electronic Information at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China. She received her Ph.D. degree from New Mexico State University, USA. Her research interest mainly focuses on the design of transition metal-based bifunctional electrocatalysts and anode materials for lithium ion batteries as well as two-dimensional halide perovskites.
Dehui Li is a professor in School of Optical and Electronic Information at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore in 2013 and was a postdoctoral fellow with Prof. Xiangfeng Duan (2013–2016) at University of California, Los Angeles, USA. His current research interests include low-dimensional halide perovskites, two-dimensional layered materials and surface plasmons in optoelectronics.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, J., Wang, H. & Li, D. Self-trapped excitons in two-dimensional perovskites. Front. Optoelectron. 13, 225–234 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1051-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1051-x