Abstract
Simulation modelling is a necessary tool to analyse pedestrian movement behaviour in order to predict the social and collective behaviour in different situations. Psychological aspects of human behaviour in interacting with the environment is the critical point in the pedestrian simulation context. The affordance theory originated from psychology and humanities is a key concept to address this issue and model the relationship between an agent and his/her environment. This study aims to introduce a prototype of an agent-based model using the affordance concept to simulate the decision-making process during an evacuation. The proposed approach was tested to model the behaviour of evacuees in a platform of a subway station through both normal and emergencies. The results of the test including the evacuation time and flows toward different scenarios, showed that the model can work properly. The proposed approach can yield a useful tool for designers to mention pedestrian movement behaviour in their building designs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bandini S, Manzoni S, Vizzari G (2009) Agent-based modelling and simulation: An informatics perspective. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 12(4):4
Borrill PL, Tesfatsion L (2010) Agent-based modelling: The right mathematics for the social sciences? Working paper No. 10023, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Busogi M, Shin D, Ryu H, Oh YG, Kim N (2017) Weighted affordance-based agent modelling and simulation in emergency evacuation. Safety Science 96:209–227, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.04.005
Cao S, Liu X, Chraibi M, Zhang P, Song W (2019) Characteristics of pedestrian’s evacuation in a room under invisible conditions. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 41:101295, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101295
Chen Y, Wang C, Li H, Hui Yap JB, Tang R, Xu B (2019) Cellular automaton model for social forces interaction in building evacuation for sustainable society. Sustainable Cities and Society 53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101913
Chen YZ, Yang R, Shen Sh (2016) Impact study on mass evacuation in urban underground passages. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 8(3):222–226, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7763/IJET.2016.V8.889
Cheng H, Yang X (2012) Emergency evacuation capacity of subway stations. Procedia — Social and Behavioural Sciences 43:339–348, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.107
Fahy RF, Proulx G (2009) ‘Panic’ and human behaviour in fire. The 4th international symposium on human behaviour in fire, July 13, Cambridge, UK, 387–398
Gibson JJ (1977) The concept of affordances. Perceiving, Acting, and Knowing 67–82
Haghani M, Ejtemai O, Sarvi M, Sobhani A, Burd M, Aghabayk K (2014) Random utility models of pedestrian crowd exit selection based on SP-off-RP experiments. Transportation Research Procedia 2:524–532, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.070
Helbing D, Molnar P (1998) Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Physical Review E 51 (5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.51.4282
Huang C, Ma W (2010) A statistical analysis of pedestrian speed on signalized intersection crosswalk. Tenth international conference of Chinese transportation professionals (ICCTP), August 4–8, Beijing, China, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/41127(382)151
Huo FZ, Song WG, Liua XD, Jiang ZG, Liew KM (2014) Investigation of human behaviour in emergent evacuation from an underground retail store. Procedia Engineering 71:350–356, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.050
Johnson NR (1987) Panic myth, and social the breakdown order: Popular myth social theory, empirical evidence. Sociological Focus 20: 171–183, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1987.10570950
Jonietz D, Schuster W, Timpf S (2013) Modelling the suitability of urban networks for pedestrians: An affordance-based framework. In: Vandenbroucke D, Bucher B, Crompvoets J (eds) Geographic information science at the heart of Europe. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 369–382, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00615-4_21
Joo J, Kim N, Wysk RA, Rothrock L, Son YJ, Oh YG, Lee S (2013) Agent-based simulation of affordance-based human behaviors in emergency evacuation. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 32:99–115, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2012.12.007
Kim N, Joo J, Rothrock L, Wysk R Son YJ (2011) Human behavioral simulation using affordance-based agent model. In: Jacko JA (ed) Human-computer interaction. Design and development approaches. HCI 2011. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3642-21602-2_40
Klugl F (2016) Using the affordance concept for model design in agent-based simulation. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 78:21–44, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10472-016-9511-0
Ksontini F, Mandiau R, Guessoum Z, Espié S (2014) Affordance-based agent model for road traffic simulation. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 29:821–849, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-014-9269-x
Liao Ch, Lin Y, Barooah P (2012) Agent-based and graphical modelling of building occupancy. Journal of Building Performance Simulation (5)1:5–25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2010.531143
Liu SB, Lo SM, Tsui KL, Wang WL (2015) Modeling movement direction choice and collision avoidance in agent-based model for pedestrian flow. Journal of Transportation Engineering 14(6): 04015001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000762
Liun R, Jiang D, Shi L (2016) Agent-based simulation of alternative classroom evacuation scenarios. Frontiers of Architectural Research 5:111–125, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2015.12.002
Lovreglio R, Fonzone A, dell’Olio L (2016a) A mixed logit model for predicting exit choice during building evacuations. Transportation Research Part A 92:59–75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.018
Lovreglio R, Ronchib E, Nilssonb D (2016b) An evacuation decision model based on perceived risk, social influence and behavioural uncertainty. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 66:226–242, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2016.03.006
Lubaś R Mycek M, Porzycki J, Wąs J (2014) Verification and validation of evacuation models — Methodology expansion proposition. Transportation Research Procedia 2:715–723, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.079
Luisa A, Ballinas-Hernándeza A, Meléndezb M, Rangel-Huertaa A (2011) Multiagent system applied to the modelling and simulation of pedestrian traffic in counterflow. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 14(3):2
Ma L, Chen B, Qiu S, Li Z, Song Z (2016) Agent-based modelling of emergency evacuation in a railway station square under sarin terrorist attack. International Journal of Modelling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 8(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793962317500222
National Research Council (2010) HCM 2010: Highway capacity manual. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington DC, USA
Norling E (2004) Folk psychology for human modelling: Extending the BDI paradigm. Proceedings of the third international joint conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems, July 23, New York, NY, USA, 202–209
Patil L (2014) Affordance based human behaviour model for group pathfinding. MSc Thesis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Pluchino A, Garofalo C, Inturri G, Rapisarda A, Ignaccolo M (2014) Agent-based simulation of pedestrian behaviour in closed spaces: A museum case study. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 17(1):16, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.2336
Quarantelli EL (1954) The nature and conditions of panic. American Journal of Sociology 60:267–275, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/221536
Rahman K, Ghani NA, Kanil AA, Mustafa A (2012) Analysis of pedestrian free flow speed in a least developing country: A factorial design study. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 4:4299–4304
Railsback SF, Grimm V (2011) Agent-based and individual-based modelling: A practical introduction. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA
Serulle NU, Cirillo C (2017) The optimal time to evacuate: A behavioural dynamic model on Louisiana resident data. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 106:447–463, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2017.06.004
Song Y, Kefan X, Wei S (2019) Mechanism and strategies of post-earthquake evacuation based on cellular automata model International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 34:220–231, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.11.020
Srikukenthirana S, Shalabya A, Morrow E (2014) Mixed logit model of vertical transport choice in toronto subway stations and application within pedestrian simulation. Transportation Research Procedia 2: 624–629, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2014.09.104
Tang M, Hu Y (2017) Pedestrian simulation in transit stations using agent-based analysis. Urban Rail Transit 3:54–60, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-017-0053-5
Vizzari G, Manenti L, Ohtsuka K, Shimura K (2012) An agent-based approach to pedestrian and group dynamics: Experimental and real-world scenarios. Proceedings of the 7th international workshop on agents in traffic and transportation, June 5, Valencia, Spain, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450.2013.856718
Vorst HCM (2010) Evacuation models and disaster psychology. Procedia Engineering 3:15–21
Wilensky U (1999) Center for connected learning and computer-based modelling (NetLogo user manual). Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Zębala J, Ciępka P, Reza A (2012) Pedestrian acceleration and speeds. Problems of Forensic Sciences 91:227–234
Zebala J, Ciepka P, Reza A, Rusitoru F, Lazarenko L, Sibian D (2009) Pedestrian motion speed while crossing the road. Proceedings of the 6th international scientific conference TRANSBALTICA 2009
Zou Q, Fernandes SD, Chen S (2019) Agent-based evacuation simulation from subway train and platform. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2019.1634661
Acknowledgments
Not Applicable
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hassanpour, S., Rassafi, A.A. Agent-Based Simulation for Pedestrian Evacuation Behaviour Using the Affordance Concept. KSCE J Civ Eng 25, 1433–1445 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0206-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-0206-7