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Characterization and Distribution of Three New Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans Causing Late Blight in Wisconsin from 2009 to 2012

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Abstract

Phytophthora infestans causes late blight of potato and tomato, a disease that has been estimated to cost U.S. potato growers $287.8 million annually. We collected isolates of P. infestans from Wisconsin from 2009 to 2012 and determined distribution of clonal lineages and mating types and sensitivity to the systemic fungicide mefenoxam. We also sought to evaluate the current utility of an analysis of the Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) allozyme locus for predicting mefenoxam sensitivity with the aim of delivering timely information to growers. Overall, 143 isolates were collected from 52 locations in 20 Wisconsin counties from 2009 to 2012. Three clonal lineages, US-22, US-23, and US-24, were identified and were novel to Wisconsin and the U.S. US-22 is of the A2 mating type and sensitive to mefenoxam, with Gpi 100/122. US-23 and US-24 are of the A1 mating type and primarily intermediately sensitive to mefenoxam, with Gpi 100/100 and 100/100/111, respectively. Because of this close correlation and the unique Gpi patterns for each lineage present, we were able to predict mefenoxam sensitivity directly from samples using the allozyme assay and quickly deliver management information to growers. Both mating types were present in Wisconsin in 2009 and 2010 but were spatially separated and no evidence of sexual recombination or soil persistence was detected. The presence of new clonal lineages of P. infestans in Wisconsin indicates a need for continued close monitoring of late blight to facilitate generation of timely information for enhanced short-term and long-term late blight management.

Resumen

Phytophthora infestans causa el tizón tardío de la papa y el tomate, una enfermedad a la que se le ha estimado un costo para los productores de papa de los EUA de $ 287.8 millones de dólares anualmente. Colectamos aislamientos de P. infestans de Wisconsin de 2009 a 2012 y se determinó la distribución de linajes clonales y grupos de compatibilidad y sensibilidad al fungicida sistémico mefenoxam. También buscamos evaluar la utilidad actual de un análisis del locus de la aloenzima Glucosa-6-fosfato isomerasa (Gpi) para la predicción de la sensibilidad al mefenoxam, con el propósito de entregar información oportuna a los productores. En total, se colectaron 143 aislamientos de 52 localidades en 20 condados de Wisconsin del 2009 al 2012. Se identificaron tres linajes clonales, US-22, US 23 y US 24, que fueron novedosos para Wisconsin y para los EUA. El US-22 es del grupo de compatibilidad A2 y sensible a mefenoxam, con Gpi 100/122. El US-23 y el US-24 son del tipo A1, y al principio de sensibilidad intermedia al mefenoxam, con Gpi de 100/100 y 100/100/111, respectivamente. Debido a esta correlación tan estrecha y a los patrones tan singulares de Gpi para cada linaje presente, estuvimos en condiciones de predecir la sensibilidad al mefenoxam directamente de muestras usando el ensayo de las aloenzimas y proporcionar rápidamente información de manejo a los productores. Los dos grupos de compatibilidad estuvieron presentes en Wisconsin en 2009 y 2010 pero estuvieron separados espacialmente y no se detectó evidencia de recombinación sexual o persistencia en el suelo. La presencia de nuevos linajes clonales de P. infestans en Wisconsin indica la necesidad de monitoreo continuo y cercano del tizón tardío para facilitar la generación de información oportuna para un manejo aumentado a corto y largo plazo del tizón tardío.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported, in part, by Hatch Formula Funds granted to Dr. Amanda Gevens at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a Wisconsin Potato Industry Board-Wisconsin Distinguished Graduate Fellowship. The authors would like to thank Dr. William Fry and his laboratory staff at Cornell University for completing the RFLP analysis on several isolates. We would also like to thank Ms. Abigail Mitchell and Mr. Scott Donovan for technical assistance in the UW-Potato and Vegetable Pathology Laboratory. We also greatly appreciate the efforts of numerous extension specialists, county agents, crop consultants, and home gardeners for submitting diseased plant samples, without whom this work would not have been possible.

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Correspondence to Amanda J. Gevens.

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Seidl, A.C., Gevens, A.J. Characterization and Distribution of Three New Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans Causing Late Blight in Wisconsin from 2009 to 2012. Am. J. Potato Res. 90, 551–560 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-013-9328-x

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