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Uses, Knowledge, and Management of the Threatened Pepper-Bark Tree (Warburgia salutaris) in Southern Mozambique

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Abstract

Uses, Knowledge, and Management of the Threatened Pepper-Bark Tree (Warburgia salutaris) in Southern Mozambique.Warburgia salutaris, the pepper-bark tree, is one of the most highly valued medicinal plant species in southern Africa. Due to its popularity in folk medicine, it is overexploited in many regions and is deemed threatened throughout its range. We identified cultural and social drivers of use, compared knowledge distribution, determined management practices, and explored local ecological knowledge related to the species in the Lebombo Mountains, Tembe River, and Futi Corridor areas in southern Mozambique. Stratified random, semistructured interviews were conducted (182), complemented by 17 focus group discussions in the three study areas. W. salutaris was used medicinally to treat 12 health concerns, with the bark being the most commonly used part. Knowledge of the species varied between the three areas, but not with respondent gender or age. Harvesting was mostly through vertical bark stripping (71% of informants). To promote sustainable use of the species, we suggest multiple conservation approaches, including the use of alternative species with the same application, substitution of bark by leaves, and increases in alternative sources of plant material through cultivation. Additional information on species demography, harvest impact, and post-harvest bark recovery rate area is required. Information obtained in this work can contribute to management guidelines and plans for the species in Mozambique.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the communities in the study area for sharing their knowledge, Mr. Firmino Guiliche for refining of the questionnaire and data organization, and Mr. Hugo Mabilana for the study area map. We are also grateful to the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments/suggestions.

Funding

We are grateful to the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), Russell E. Train Education for Nature Program, World Wildlife Fund, and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the research unit UID/AGR/04129/2013 (LEAF) for funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa

    Annae M. Senkoro & Charlie M. Shackleton

  2. Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257, Maputo, Mozambique

    Annae M. Senkoro

  3. Department of Geography and the Environment, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA

    Robert A. Voeks

  4. Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal

    Ana I. Ribeiro

  5. Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257, Maputo, Mozambique

    Ana I. Ribeiro

Authors
  1. Annae M. Senkoro
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  2. Charlie M. Shackleton
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  3. Robert A. Voeks
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  4. Ana I. Ribeiro
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Annae M. Senkoro.

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Authorization for the research was granted by traditional and local leaders, as well as ethics approval by the departmental committee at Rhodes University (November 2015).

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Senkoro, A.M., Shackleton, C.M., Voeks, R.A. et al. Uses, Knowledge, and Management of the Threatened Pepper-Bark Tree (Warburgia salutaris) in Southern Mozambique. Econ Bot 73, 304–324 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-019-09468-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-019-09468-x

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