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Long-Term Changes in Gelatinous Zooplankton in Chesapeake Bay, USA: Environmental Controls and Interspecific Interactions

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Abstract

Gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) populations are sensitive to environmental perturbations, and regional changes in their abundance may be associated with degraded environmental conditions. Two time series of GZ abundances were used to analyze the population dynamics of gelatinous zooplankton in the Chesapeake Bay, USA from 1984 to 2012. Annual and interannual variations in population size and distribution of the scyphozoan medusae Chrysaora chesapeakei, Aurelia aurita, Cyanea capillata, and Rhopilema virrilli, as well as the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, were compared with environmental conditions and other biological data. Scyphozoan population control by environmental factors was primarily a result of mortality and asexual reproduction by the benthic scyphistomae. C. chesapeakei was present year-round, but biovolume was highest in July–September and in salinities 9–20. M. leidyi populations were primarily controlled by C. chesapeakei predation and were most abundant in June, after waters warmed above 18 °C but before C. chesapeakei bloomed. Low bottom-water salinity was negatively correlated with summer C. chesapeakei biovolume, and low bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations delayed the timing of the peak bloom. Total GZ biovolume decreased in both time series (1984–2012), likely due to decreases in C. chesapeakei abundance. This reduction in C. chesapeakei allowed for a concurrent increase in M. leidyi and decrease in copepod abundance. Predicted future increases in spring streamflow and spring hypoxia due to global climate change would further decrease C. chesapeakei abundance, possibly allowing for future increase in M. leidyi populations.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the numerous technicians and crew of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science Juvenile Fish Trawl Survey and the Chesapeake Bay Program Mesozooplankton Survey for the many years of tireless sampling. Special thanks to Troy Tuckey, Wendy Lowery, Ben Marcek, and Cassidy Peterson for assistance with analysis of the VIMS Juvenile Fish Trawl Survey data.

Funding

This research was funded by Virginia Sea Grant (V718500) to D.K.S. and J.P.S. and grants from the Virginia Marine Resources Commission and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration—Chesapeake Bay Office to M.C.F. This is contribution number 3780 of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary.

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  1. Joshua P. Stone

    Present address: University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA

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  1. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA

    Joshua P. Stone, Deborah K. Steinberg & Mary C. Fabrizio

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Supp. Fig. 1 Distribution of GZ biovolume and presence across salinity and temperature gradients in the VIMS dataset (2000–2012, in lower Chesapeake Bay). a Percent presence of Aurelia aurita, b percent presence of Cyanea capillata, and c percent presence of Rhopilema verrilli. “Percent presence” is the percentage of all tows that had a particular taxon present. Stars represent the mean center of distribution weighted by biovolume index or percent presence. (PNG 226 kb)

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Stone, J.P., Steinberg, D.K. & Fabrizio, M.C. Long-Term Changes in Gelatinous Zooplankton in Chesapeake Bay, USA: Environmental Controls and Interspecific Interactions. Estuaries and Coasts 42, 513–527 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-018-0459-7

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