Abstract
Increasing petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines. Evolving feasible technology and recurring energy crisis necessitated a continued investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. In this investigation, Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) was used in a four stroke, single cylinder diesel engine. Tests were carried out to study the effect of fuel injection timing, fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance and combustion of CI engine fuelled with HOME. Injection timing was varied from 19°bTDC (before top dead centre) to 27°bTDC in incremental steps of 4°bTDC; injector opening pressure was varied from 210 bar to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of 3, 4 and 5 holes, each of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mm size were selected for the study. It was concluded that retarded injection timing of 19°bTDC, increased injector opening pressure of 230 bar and 4 hole nozzle injector of 0.2 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced HC, CO, smoke emissions. Further air-fuel mixing was improved using swirl induced techniques which enhanced the engine performance as well.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- btdc:
-
before top dead center
- CA:
-
crank angle
References
Agarwal, A. K. (2006). Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33, 233–271.
Atadashi, I. M., Aroua, M. K. and Abdul Aziz, A. (2010). High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14, 7, 1999–2008.
Aydin, H. and Bayindir, H. (2011). Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine. Renewable Energy, 35, 588–592.
Ayhan, D. (2005). Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31, 466–487.
Banapurmath, N. R., Tewari, P. G., Basavarajappa, Y. H. and Yaliwal, V. S. (2005). Performance of Honge (pongamia pinnata) oil blends in a diesel engine. XIX NCICEC, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India, 107–111.
Banapurmath, N. R., Tewari, P. G. and Hosmath, R. S. (2008). Combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection, compression-ignition operated on Honge oil, HOME and blends of HOME and diesel. Int. J. Sustainable Engineering 1, 2, 80–93.
Banapurmath, N. R., Tewari, P. G. and Hosmath, R. S. (2009). Effect of biodiesel derived from Honge oil and its blends with diesel when directly injected at different injection pressures and injection timings in singlecylinder water-cooled compression ignition engine. Proc. IMechE, Part A: J. Power and Energy 223, 1, 31–40.
Banapurmath, N. R. and Tewari, P. G. (2010). Performance combustion and emissions characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition engine operated on ethanol–biodiesel blended fuels. Proc. IMechE, Part A: J. Power and Energy, 224, 533–543.
Bari, S., Yu, C. W. and Lim, T. H. (2004). Effect of fuel injection timing with waste cooking oil as a fuel in direct injection diesel engine. Proc. IMechE, Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 218, 93–104.
Bari, S., Lim, T. H. and Yu, C. W. (2002). Effect of preheating of Crude palm oil (CPO) on injection system, performance and emission of a diesel engine. Renewable Energy, 27, 339–351.
Barsic, N. J. and Humke, A. C. (1981). Performance and emission characteristics of a naturally aspirated diesel engine with vegetable oil fuels. SAE Paper No. 810262.
Basha, S. A., Raja Gopal, K. and Jebaraj, S. (2009). A review on biodiesel production, combustion, emissions and performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, 6-7, 1628–1634.
Bharathi, V. V. P. and Prasanthi, S. G. (2012). Experimental investigation on the effect of air swirl on performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with karanja biodiesel. Int. J. Engineering Research and Development, 2, 8–13.
Fan, X.-H., Wang, X., Chen, F., Geller, D. P. and Wan, P. J. (2008). Engine performance test of cottonseed oil biodiesel. The Open Energy and Fuels J., 1, 40–45.
Gajendra Babu, M. K., Chandan, K. and Das Lalit, M. (2006). Experimental investigations on a Karanja oil methyl ester fuelled DI diesel engine. SAE Paper No. 2006-01-0238.
Gajendra Babu, M. K. (2007). Studies on performance and exhaust emissions of a CI engine operating on diesel and diesel biodiesel blends at different injection pressures and injection timings. SAE Paper No. 2007-01-0613.
Ghadge, S. V. and Raheman, H. (2005). Biodiesel production from Mahua (Madhuca indica) oil having high free fatty acids. Int. J. Biomass Bioenergy, 28, 601–605.
Hountalas, D. T., Kouremenos, D. A., Binder, K. B., Raab, A. and Schnabel, M. H. (2001). Using advanced injection timing and EGR to improve DI engine efficiency at acceptable NO and soot levels. SAE Paper No. 2001-01- 0199.
Indudhar, M. R., Banapurmath, N. R. and Govinda Rajulu, K. (2012). Effects of EGR, swirl augmentation techniques on combustion of biodiesel/ethanol and their blends in a diesel engine. Int. J. Sustainable Engineering, Francis and Taylor Publications 6, 1, 55–65.
Karabektas, M., Ergen, G. and Hosoz, M. (2008). The effects of preheated cottonseed oil methyl ester on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 28, 2136–2143.
Karnwal, A., Kumar, N., Hasan, M. M., Chaudhary, R., Siddiquee, A. N. and Khan, Z. A. (2010). Production of biodiesel from thumba oil: Optimization of process parameters, iranica. J. Energy & Environment 1, 4, 352–358.
Leenus, J. M., Edwin Geo, V. and Prithviraj, D. (2011). Effect of diesel addition on the performance of cottonseed oil fuelled DI diesel engine. Int. J. Energy and Environment 2, 2, 321–330.
Meher, L. C., Naik, S. N. and Das, L. M. (2004). Methanolysis of Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil for production of biodiesel. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 63, 913–918.
Morshed, M., Ferdous, K., Khan, M. R., Mazumder, M. S. I., Islam, M. A. and Uddin, M. T. (2011). Rubber seed oil as a potential source for biodiesel production in Bangladesh. Fuel, 90, 2981–2986.
Muralidharan, M., Thariyan, M. P., Roy, S., Subrahmanyam, J. P. and Subbarao, P. M. V. (2004). Use of pongamia biodiesel in CI engines for rural application. SAE Paper No. 2004-28-0030.
Murugesan, A., Umarani, C., Subramanian, R. and Nedunchezhian, N. (2009). Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines–A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, 3, 653–662.
Nabi, M. N., Rahman, M. M. and Md. Akhter, M. S. (2009). Biodiesel from cotton seed oil and its effect on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 29, 2265–2270.
Naga Sarada, S., Shailaja, M., Sita Rama Raju, A. V. and Kalyani Radha, K. (2010). Optimization of injection pressure for a compression ignition engine with cotton seed oil as an alternate fuel. Int. J. Engineering, Science and Technology 2, 6, 142–149.
Nwafor, O. M. I. (2000). Effect of advanced injection timing on the performance of rapeseed oil in diesel engines. Int. J. Renew. Energy, 21, 433–444.
Nwafor, O. M. I. (2003). The effect of elevated fuel inlet temperature on performance of diesel engine running on neat vegetable oil at constant speed conditions. Renewable Energy, 28, 171–181.
Onga, H. C., Mahlia, T. M. I., Masjukia, H. H. and Norhasyimab, R. S. (2011). Comparison of palm oil, jatropha curcas and calophyllum inophyllum for biodiesel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3501–3515.
Puhan, S., Jegan, R., Balasubbramanian, K. and Nagarajan, G. (2009). Effect of injection pressure on performance, emission and combustion characetrstics of high linolenic linseed oil methyl ester in a DI diesel engine. Renewable Energy, 34, 1227–1233.
Raheman, H. and Phadatare, A. G. (2004). Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel. Biomass and Bioenergy, 27, 393–397.
Rakopoulos, C. D., Rakopoulos, D. C., Giakoumis, E. G. and Dimaratos, A. M. (2010). Investigation of the combustion of neat cottonseed oil or its neat bio-diesel in a HSDI diesel engine by experimental heat release and statistical analyses. Fuel 89, 12, 3814–3826.
Ramadhas, A. S., Muraleedharan, C. and Jayaraj, S. (2005a). Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil. Renewable Energy, 30, 1789–1800.
Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S. and Muraleedharan, C. (2005b). Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines. Renewable Energy, 30, 795–803.
Risi de, A., Donateo, T. and Laforgia, D. (2003). Optimization of the combustion chamber of direct injection diesel engines. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-1064.
Roy, M. M. (2009). Effect of fuel injection timing and injection pressure on combustion and odorous emissions in DI diesel engine. J. Energy Resources Technology, ASME Trans., 131, 1–8.
Rosli, A. B. and Semin, A. R. I. (2008). Fuel injection pressure effect on performance of direct injection diesel engines based on experiment. American J. Applied Sciences 5, 3, 197–202.
Sahoo, P. K., Das, L. M., Babu, M. K. J. and Naik, S. N. (2007). Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine. Fuel, 86, 448–454.
Sahoo, P. K., Das, L. M., Babu, M. K. G., Arora, P., Singh, V. P., Kumar, N. R. and Varyani, T. S. (2009). Comparative evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of Jatropha, karanja and polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a tractor engine. Fuel, 88, 1698–1707.
Saleh, H. E. and Selim Mohamed, Y. E. (2010). Shock tube investigation of propane–air mixtures with a pilot diesel fuelor cotton methyl ester. Fuel, 89, 494–500.
Schapertons, H. and Thiele, F. (1986). Three dimensional computations for flow fields in DI piston bowls. SAE Paper No. 860463.
Srivastava, A. and Prasad, R. (2000). Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4, 111–133.
Subba Reddy, C. V., Hemachandra Reddy, K. and Eswar Reddy, C. (2013). Effect of tangential grooves on piston crown of diesel engine with preheated cotton seed oil. Int. J. Emerging Research in Management & Technology 2, 4, 2278–9359.
Suresh, G., Kamath, H. C. and Banapurmath, N. R. (2013). Effects of injection timing, injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of cottonseed oil methyl ester-fuelled diesel engine. Int. J. Sustainable Engineering, 7, 82–92.
Tao, F., Liu, Y., Rempel Ewert, B. H., Foster, D. E., Reitz, R. D., Choi, D. and Miles, P. C. (2005). Modelling the effect of EGR and retarded injection on soot formation in a high speed diesel injection (HSDI) diesel engine using a multi step phenomenological soot model. SAE Paper No. 2005-01-0121.
Tippelmen, G. A. (1977). New method of investigation of swirl ports. SAE Paper No. 770404.
Vellguth, G. (1983). Performance of vegetable oils and their monoesters as fuels for diesel engines. SAE Paper No. 831358.
Venkanna, B. K. and Venkataramana Reddy, C. (2011). Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of direct injection diesel engine running on calophyllum inophyllum linn oil (honne oil). Int. J. Agric. & Biol. Eng. 4, 1, 26–34.
Vivek A and Gupta, A. K. (2004). Biodiesel production from karanja oil. J. Scientific and Industrial Research, 63, 39–47.
Yaliwal, V. S., Daboji, S. R., Banapurmath, N. R. and Tewari, P. G. (2010). Production and utilization of renewable liquid fuel in a single cylinder four stroke direct injection compression ignition engine. Int. J. Engineering Science and Technology 2, 10, 5938–5948.
Yang, R., Su, M.-X., Zhang, J.-C., Jin, F.-Q., Zha, C.-H., Li, M. and Hao, X.-M. (2011). Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using poly (sodium acrylate) supporting NaOH as a water-resistant catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 102, 2665–2671.
Yucesu, H. S. and Ilkilic, C. (2006). Effect of cotton seed oil methyl ester on the performance and exhaust emission of a diesel engine. Energy Sources Part A, 28, 389–398.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tumbal, A.V., Banapurmath, N.R. & Tewari, P.G. Effect of injection timing, injector opening pressure, injector nozzle geometry, and swirl on the performance of a direct injection, compression-ignition engine fuelled with honge oil methyl ester (HOME). Int.J Automot. Technol. 17, 35–50 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-016-0003-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-016-0003-3