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The Multifaceted Roles of TAM Receptors during Viral Infection

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Virologica Sinica

Abstract

Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptors play multiple roles in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes, varying from promoting the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, sustaining the immune and inflammatory homeostasis, maintaining the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, to mediating cancer malignancy and chemoresistance. Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) and protein S (Pros1) are the two ligands that activate TAM receptors. Recently, TAM receptors have been reported to mediate cell entry and infection of multitudinous enveloped viruses in a manner called apoptotic mimicry. Moreover, TAM receptors are revitalized during viral entry and infection, which sequesters innate immune and inflammatory responses, facilitating viral replication and immune evasion. However, accumulating evidence have now proposed that TAM receptors are not required for the infection of these viruses in vivo. In addition, TAM receptors protect mice against the CNS infection of neuroinvasive viruses and relieve the brain lesions during encephalitis. These protective effects are achieved through maintaining BBB integrity, attenuating proinflammatory cytokine production, and promoting neural cell survival. TAM receptors also regulate the programmed cell death modes of virus-infected cells, which have profound impacts on the pathogenesis and outcome of infection. Here, we systematically review the functionalities and underlying mechanisms of TAM receptors and propose the potential application of TAM agonists to prevent severe viral encephalitis.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Huang Wei Hsun from the International School of Capital Medical University, China for his kind and professional help in language editing of this manuscript. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81671971, 81871641, 81972979, U1902210 and U1602223), the Scientific Research Plan of the Beijing Municipal Education Committee (KM201710025002), the Key Project of Beijing Natural Science Foundation B (KZ201810025035), and the Support Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five-year Plan (IDHT20190510).

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  1. Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China

    Zhao-Yang Wang, Pei-Gang Wang & Jing An

  2. Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100093, China

    Jing An

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Wang, ZY., Wang, PG. & An, J. The Multifaceted Roles of TAM Receptors during Viral Infection. Virol. Sin. 36, 1–12 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00264-9

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