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Elevated carbon dioxide offers promise for wheat adaptation to heat stress by adjusting carbohydrate metabolism

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Abstract

Carbohydrate metabolism in plants is influenced by thermodynamics. The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is expected to rise in the future. As a result, understanding the effects of higher CO2 on carbohydrate metabolism and heat stress tolerance is necessary for anticipating plant responses to global warming and elevated CO2. In this study, five wheat cultivars were exposed to heat stress (40 °C) at the onset of anthesis for three continuous days. These cultivars were grown at two levels of CO2 i.e. ambient CO2 level (a[CO2], 380 mmol L−1) and elevated CO2 level (e[CO2], 780 mmol L−1), to determine the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and heat stress on carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in wheat. Heat stress reduced the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and grain yield in all five cultivars, but cultivars grown in e[CO2] sustained Pn and grain yield in contrast to cultivars grown in a[CO2]. Heat stress reduced the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, invertases, Glutathione reductase (GR), Peroxidase (POX), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) at a[CO2] but increased at e[CO2]. The concentration of sucrose, glucose, and fructose mainly increased in tolerant cultivars under heat stress at e[CO2]. This study confirms the interaction between the heat stress and e[CO2] to mitigate the effect of heat stress on wheat and suggests to have in-depth knowledge and precise understanding of carbohydrate metabolism in heat stressed plants in order to prevent the negative effects of high temperatures on productivity and other physiological attributes.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

Pn :

Photosynthetic rate

e[CO2]:

Elevated carbon

NARC:

National agricultural research center

EC:

Electrical conductivity

PVPP:

Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone

NADP:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

PMSF:

Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride

AGPase:

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

UGPase:

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

CwInv:

Cell wall invertase

VacInv:

Vacuolar

CytInv:

Cytoplasmic

GR:

Glutathione reductase

POX:

Peroxidase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

PAD:

Pulsed amperometric detector

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) for providing seeds of wheat varieties. Author would like to thank Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing opportunity for research visit.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan

    Aneela Ulfat

  2. Department of Botany, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, 12350, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

    Aneela Ulfat, Ansar Mehmood & Khawaja Shafique Ahmad

  3. College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub-campus, Layyah, Pakistan

    Sami Ul-Allah

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  1. Aneela Ulfat
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  2. Ansar Mehmood
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  4. Sami Ul-Allah
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AU: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft. AM: Methodology, Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. KS A Writing—review & editing. SU-A: Writing—review & editing.

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Correspondence to Ansar Mehmood.

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Ulfat, A., Mehmood, A., Ahmad, K.S. et al. Elevated carbon dioxide offers promise for wheat adaptation to heat stress by adjusting carbohydrate metabolism. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 27, 2345–2355 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-021-01080-5

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