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Hoe magnetisme en diffusie kunnen bijdragen aan hersenonderzoek: toepassingen van diffusie-MRI-tractografie

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Neuropraxis

Samenvatting

Met MRI kunnen zachte weefsels in het lichaam afgebeeld worden op een niet-invasieve manier. MRI is daardoor onmisbaar bij de diagnose van veel ziektes. Diffusie-MRI is een relatief nieuwe techniek die, in tegenstelling tot conventionele MRI-technieken, ook de architectuur van weefsels in kaart kan brengen. Hiertoe wordt de MRI-sequentie gevoelig gemaakt voor de willekeurige beweging van deeltjes (diffusie). Watermoleculen bewegen zich in weefsels voort op een dergelijke willekeurige wijze, maar worden daar ook gehinderd door verschillende microstructuren. De eigenschappen van onderliggend weefsel bepalen dus de grootte van diffusie, wat met diffusie-MRI-scans in kaart kan worden gebracht. Veel lichaamsweefsels zijn opgebouwd uit vezelachtige structuren, bijvoorbeeld zenuwvezels in de witte stof van de hersenen. Diffusie-MRI-tractografie is het reconstrueren en visualiseren van vezelpaden die geassocieerd kunnen worden met deze onderliggende zenuwbanen. Hierdoor is het mogelijk om specifieke verbindingen tussen verschillende hersengebieden af te beelden en kwantitatief te bestuderen. Dit artikel gaat in op de werking van diffusie-MRI-tractografie en bespreekt (klinische) toepassingen, valkuilen, en beperkingen die gerelateerd zijn aan deze techniek.

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Notes

  1. De diffusiecoëfficiënt die geschat wordt uit diffusiebeelden wordt vaak de schijnbare diffusiecoëfficiënt genoemd. Dit komt omdat de diffusie afhangt van een groot aantal factoren, zoals temperatuur en de omliggende microstructuren (bijvoorbeeld celmembranen en myelineschedes).

  2. Met een volume wordt hier een drie-dimensionale MRI-scan bedoeld.

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  1. Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Nederland

    Chantal M. W. Tax & Alexander Leemans

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Tax, C.M.W., Leemans, A. Hoe magnetisme en diffusie kunnen bijdragen aan hersenonderzoek: toepassingen van diffusie-MRI-tractografie. Neuroprax 18, 92–105 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12474-014-0050-3

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