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Soil-landscape relationships in Vedavathi river basin, Chitradurga district, Karnataka, India: morphology and textural and chemical properties

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Abstract

The soils on granitic hilly landscapes of southern Karanataka plateau have displayed varying degrees of pedogenesis with argillic/natric/cambic and slickensided horizons. Seven pedons occurring on five geomorphic surfaces of granitic landscape in a part of Vedavathi river basin (summits, side slopes, pediplains, pediments and valley floors) were studied in order to evaluate the pattern and variability of soils in terms of morphology and chemical and granulometric characteristics. The field morphology showed that these soils have dark brown to red clay-rich subsoils on pediment surfaces, but moving down to the slopes of valley floors, salts and carbonates have accumulated. Texturally, the A horizons have loamy sand to sandy loam but have sandy clay loam to sandy clay in argillic B horizons (P1, P4 to P7) and sandy clay to clay in Bhagirathekere (P2) and Shidahlaihankote soils (P3). The lithological discontinuities in P1/P2/P5 were confirmed with irregular distribution of sand to silt ratio and negative sign of uniformity value (> ± 0.6). The results of ANOVA showed significant difference between soils for total silt (F=6.07), for very fine sand (F=7.2) and for total sand (F=6.41). The sediments are mainly fine sand, well to moderately well sorted, positively skewed and meso- to platykurtic in nature due to low-energy sheltered environment. These soils are slightly to moderately alkaline with significant variation in organic carbon (<0.5%), calcium carbonate and cation exchange capacity of argillic horizons with significant gains of clay. The soils on basin floors P1 and P2 have exchangeable sodium more than 15 in subsoils suggesting development of sodicity. The qualifiers such as cutanic (P4/P5/P6) and lamellic (P5) in some argillic horizons and natric horizon in P1 as solonetz indicating sodic conditions under WRB show an advantage over USDA soil taxonomy. Classifying colluvial soils is important in semiarid regions of India to map these units for future correlation activity. The study revealed the difficulties in assigning soil age using clay index under granitic landscapes having different geomorphic surfaces with limited data set.

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Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance is a collection of statistical models and their associated estimation procedures (such as the “variation” among and between groups) used to analyse the differences among means in a sample)

Ap:

Topsoil disturbed by ploughing

CI:

Clay accumulation index

b:

Buried horizon

Bss:

Presence of slickenside

Bt :

B horizon enriched in clay (argillic)

Bw:

Development of colour and/or structure

C :

Commonly referred to as the substratum/unweathered geologic materials

CEC :

Cation exchange capacity, a measure of how many cations can be retained on soil particle surfaces (the amount of positive charge that can be exchanged per mass of soil, usually measured in cmolc/kg)

CV :

Coefficient of variation is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to mean

Cr:

Weathered or soft bedrock

EXCa :

Exchangeable calcium

EXMg :

Exchangeable magnesium

ESP :

Exchangeable sodium per cent is the extent to which the adsorption complex of a soil is occupied by sodium. Amount of exchangeable sodium expressed as a percentage of total exchangeable cations

ICC:

Intraclass correlation is a descriptive statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups

Lithologic discontinuities (LD) :

Significant changes in particle size distribution or mineralogy that represent differences in lithology within a soil

Mz :

Mean is the sum of all of the numbers divided by the amount of numbers

Σ :

Sum

σ :

Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values

Ski:

Skewness is a measure of symmetry or, more precisely, the lack of symmetry

KG :

Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data are heavy-tailed or light-tailed relative to a normal distribution

RR :

Redness rating is the quality of being red and defined as RRH = H * V / C where C is chroma, V is value and H is determined according to hue (5R 5, 7.5R = 7.5, 10R = 10, 2.5YR = 12.5, 5YR = 15, 7.5YR = 17.5, 10YR = 20)

SCR:

Silt to clay ratio

WRB:

World Reference Base an international system for classification of soils. It was designed to cater for any soil in the world. WRB is based on the Legend (FAO-UNESCO 1974) and the Revised Legend (FAO, 1988) of the Soil Map of the World (FAO-UNESCO, 1971–1981)

UV :

Uniformity value is the most useful index to identify lithological discontinuities by comparing particle size in upper horizon to lower horizon. ±0.6 was the best value to identify LDs

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express thanks to the Chairman, Karnataka Agricultural Price Commission, for financing this work and their cooperation during field investigation. Authors express sincere thanks to Karnataka Remote Sensing Application Centre for providing satellite imagery and also the GIS staff for logistic support. We express sincere thanks to Dr.Rajendra Hegde, the Head, Regional Centre, for providing support to carry field work and laboratory service.

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  1. ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India

    Bhaskara phaneendra Bhaskar, Sompura chinnappa Ramesh kumar, Manickam Lalitha & Arati Koyal

  2. Karnataka State Remotesensing Application Centre, Doddabettahalli, Vidyaranyapura Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560097, India

    Bidarakere puttakariyappa Lakshmikantha

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  1. Bhaskara phaneendra Bhaskar
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Bhaskar, B.p., Ramesh kumar, S.c., Lakshmikantha, B.p. et al. Soil-landscape relationships in Vedavathi river basin, Chitradurga district, Karnataka, India: morphology and textural and chemical properties. Arab J Geosci 14, 670 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06954-2

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