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Controllable construction of yolk–shell Sn–Co@void@C and its advantages in Na-ion storage

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Abstract

In the family of anodes for sodium-ion batteries, alloy-type anodes possess higher theoretical specific capacity than carbon anodes. The theoretical specific capacity of metallic Sn is 847 mAh·g−1. However, the tin-based material undergoes a large volume expansion during the sodium-ion intercalation process, which leads to the crack and pulverization of the electrode, consequently resulting in a significant capacity loss. In this paper, a yolk–shell-structured Sn–Co@void@C composite composed of a Sn–Co alloy core, a carbon shell and void space between the core and shell is designed and synthesized. Compared with the carbon-encapsulated SnCo without void space (Sn–Co@C) and carbon-encapsulated pure Sn core shell with void space (Sn@void@C), this composite exhibits improved reversibility, cyclic performance and rate capability. This work highlights the important roles of Co in the alloy and the void space between the core and the shell. The former can not only buffer the volume expansion of Sn, but also act as an electrical conductor. The void space can further tolerate the volume expansion of the Sn–Co core. Owing to this unique microstructure, the Sn–Co@void@C composite shows an initial reversible capacity of 591.4 mAh·g−1, at a current density of 50 mA·g−1. After 100 charge/discharge cycles at 100 mA·g−1, the composite still delivers 330 mAh·g−1.

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摘要

在钠离子电池负极材料中, 合金型负极比碳负极具有更高的理论比容量。金属锡的理论比容量为847 mAh·g-1, 然而, 锡基材料在钠离子嵌入过程中会产生较大的体积膨胀, 这会造成电池材料的开裂和粉化脱落, 最终导致显著的容量衰减。本文设计并合成了一种蛋黄-壳型Sn-Co@void@C复合材料, 该材料由Sn-Co合金核和碳壳组成, 在核、壳间存在一定的空隙。对比没有留空隙的碳包覆Sn-Co合金 (SnCo@C) 和留了空隙的碳包覆纯Sn (Sn@void@C), 这种复合材料表现出了更好的可逆性、循环性能和倍率性能。本文突出了合金中Co以及核壳间空隙的作用, 前者不仅能缓冲Sn的体积膨胀, 还能作为一种良好的电子导体, 而后者可进一步容纳Sn-Co核的体积膨胀。因具有这种独特的微观结构, Sn-Co@void@C复合材料在50 mA·g-1电流密度下的首次可逆比容量为591.4 mAh·g-1。在100 mA·g-1电流密度下经过100周充放电循环后, 该复合材料还有330 mAh·g-1的可逆比容量。

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51804089), Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Nos. 2017GXNSFBA198141 and 2017GXNSFAA198230) and the Foundation of Guilin University of Technology (No. GLUTQD2017005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China

    Shuang Liu, Xin-Ze Li, Bin Huang, Jian-Wen Yang, Quan-Qi Chen, Yan-Wei Li & Shun-Hua Xiao

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  1. Shuang Liu
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Correspondence to Bin Huang.

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Liu, S., Li, XZ., Huang, B. et al. Controllable construction of yolk–shell Sn–Co@void@C and its advantages in Na-ion storage. Rare Met. 40, 2392–2401 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-021-01729-w

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