Abstract
Photovoltaic-electrolysis water splitting (PV-EWS) is the most promising approach for high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency. The present PV-EWS systems achieve the highest STH performance by using a III-V triple-junction configuration, which, however, involves a complex and expensive manufacture process. Therefore, in this work, we demonstrate a III–V double junction device that can be used as an alternative to the III–V triple-junction device for high STH conversion efficiency of the PV-EWS systems. We estimate the STH performance via coupling world-recorded multi-junction photovoltaic (PV) and our experimented cell configurations with an EWS system. The results show that the III–V double junction, owing to the good trade-off between the efficiency loss and compensation, exhibits a higher STH efficiency than the III–V triple-junction. Furthermore, strategies for improving the efficiency of the III–V double junction device for low-cost PV-EWS system are discussed.
References
Osterloh FE (2013) Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42(6):2294–2320
Koumi Ngoh S, Njomo D (2012) An overview of hydrogen gas production from solar energy. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16(9):6782–6792
Okamoto S, Deguchi M, Yotsuhashi S (2017) Modulated III–V triple-junction solar cell wireless device for efficient water splitting. J. Phys. Chem. C 121(3):1393–1398
Qi J, Zhang W, Cao R (2018) Solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion based on water splitting. Adv. Energy Mater. 8(5):1701620
M. Ruth, F. Joseck (2011). Hydrogen Threshold Cost Calculation. United States Department of Energy
E. Miller, C. Ainscough, A. Talapatra (2014). Hydrogen Production Status 2006–2013. United States Department of Energy
Yin Z, Fan R, Huang G, Shen M (2018) 11.5% efficiency of TiO2 protected and Pt catalyzed n(+)np(+)-Si photocathodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting: manipulating ting the Pt distribution and Pt/Si contact. Chem. Commun. 54(5):543–546
Kast MG, Enman LJ, Gurnon NJ, Nadarajah A, Boettcher SW (2014) Solution-deposited F:SnO(2)/TiO(2) as a base-stable protective layer and antireflective coating for microtextured buried-junction H(2)-evolving Si photocathodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(24):22830–22837
Fan R, Dong W, Fang L, Zheng F, Shen M (2017) More than 10% efficiency and one-week stability of Si photocathodes for water splitting by manipulating the loading of the Pt catalyst and TiO2 protective layer. J. Mater. Chem. A 5(35):18744–18751
Vanka S, Arca E, Cheng S, Sun K, Botton GA, Teeter G, Mi Z (2018) High efficiency Si photocathode protected by multifunctional GaN nanostructures. Nano. Lett. 18(10):6530–6537
Vijselaar W, Tiggelaar RM, Gardeniers H, Huskens J (2018) Efficient and stable silicon microwire photocathodes with a nickel silicide interlayer for operation in strongly alkaline solutions. ACS Energy Lett. 3(5):1086–1092
Boettcher SW, Warren EL, Putnam MC, Santori EA, Turner-Evans D, Kelzenberg MD, Walter MG, McKone JR, Brunschwig BS, Atwater HA, Lewis NS (2011) Photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution using Si microwire arrays. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(5):1216–1219
Ronglei F, Chengshuang T, Yu X, Xiaodong S, Xiaodong W, Mingrong S (2016) Surface passivation and protection of Pt loaded multicrystalline pn+ silicon photocathodes by atmospheric plasma oxidation for improved solar water splitting. Appl. Phys. Lett. 109:233901
Verlage E, Hu S, Liu R, Jones RJR, Sun K, Xiang C, Lewis NS, Atwater HA (2015) A monolithically integrated, intrinsically safe, 10% efficient, solar-driven water-splitting system based on active, stable earth-abundant electrocatalysts in conjunction with tandem III–V light absorbers protected by amorphous TiO2 films. Energy Environ. Sci. 8(11):3166–3172
Lin GH, Kapur M, Kainthla RC, Bockris JOM (1989) One step method to produce hydrogen by a triple stack amorphous silicon solar cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 55:386–387
Luo J, Im J-H, Mayer MT, Schreier M, Nazeeruddin MK, Park N-G, Tilley SD, Fan HJ, Gratzel M (2014) Water photolysis at 12.3% efficiency via perovskite photovoltaics and Earth-abundant catalysts. Science 345(6204):1593–1596
Urbain F, Smirnov V, Becker J-P, Rau U, Finger F, Ziegler J, Kaiser B, Jaegermann W (2014) a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem junction based photocathodes with high open-circuit voltage for efficient hydrogen production. J. Mater. Res. 29(22):2605–2614
Vasudevan R, Thanawala Z, Han L, Buijs T, Tan H, Deligiannis D, Perez-Rodriguez P, Digdaya IA, Smith WA, Zeman M, Smets AHM (2016) A thin-film silicon/silicon hetero-junction hybrid solar cell for photoelectrochemical water-reduction applications. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 150:82–87
Jia J, Seitz LC, Benck JD, Huo Y, Chen Y, Ng JW, Bilir T, Harris JS, Jaramillo TF (2016) Solar water splitting by photovoltaic-electrolysis with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 30. Nat. Commun. 7:13237
Nakamura A, Ota Y, Koike K, Hidaka Y, Nishioka K, Sugiyama M, Fujii K (2015) A 24.4% solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency by combining concentrator photovoltaic modules and electrochemical cells. Appl. Phys. Express 8(10):107101
Bonke SA, Wiechen M, MacFarlane DR, Spiccia L (2015) Renewable fuels from concentrated solar power: towards practical artificial photosynthesis. Energy Environ Sci 8(9):2791–2796
Licht S, Wang B, Mukerji S (2000) Efficient solar water splitting, exemplified by RuO2-catalyzed AlGaAs/Si photoelectrolysis. J. Phys. Chem. B 104:8920–8924
Peharz G, Dimroth F, Wittstadt U (2007) Solar hydrogen production by water splitting with a conversion efficiency of 18%. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 32(15):3248–3252
Perez-Rodriguez P, Vijselaar W, Huskens J, Stam M, Falkenberg M, Zeman M, Smith W, Smets AHM (2019) Designing a hybrid thin-film/wafer silicon triple photovoltaic junction for solar water splitting. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 27(3):245–254
Chang WJ, Lee KH, Ha H, Jin K, Kim G, Hwang ST, Lee HM, Ahn SW, Yoon W, Seo H, Hong JS, Go YK, Ha JI, Nam KT (2017) Design principle and loss engineering for photovoltaic-electrolysis cell system. ACS Omega 2(3):1009–1018
Ager JW, Shaner MR, Walczak KA, Sharp ID, Ardo S (2015) Experimental demonstrations of spontaneous, solar-driven photoelectrochemical water splitting. Energy Environ. Sci. 8(10):2811–2824
Khaselev O, Turner JA (1998) A monolithic photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting. Science 280:425–427
Green MA, Dunlop ED, Levi DH, Hohl-Ebinger J, Yoshita M, Ho-Baillie AWY (2019) Solar cell efficiency tables (version 54). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 27(7):565–575
Dotan H, Mathews N, Hisatomi T, Gratzel M, Rothschild A (2014) On the solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency of photoelectrodes for water splitting. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(19):3330–3334
Bertness KA, Kurtz SR, Friedman DJ, Kibbler AE, Kramer C, Olson JM (1994) 29.5%-efficient GaInP/GaAs tandem solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65(8):989–991
Green MA, Emery K, Hishikawa Y, Warta W (2010) Solar cell efficiency tables (version 35). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 18(2):144–150
Essig S, Allebé C, Remo T, Geisz JF, Steiner MA, Horowitz K, Barraud L, Ward JS, Schnabel M, Descoeudres A, Young DL, Woodhouse M, Despeisse M, Ballif C, Tamboli A (2017) Raising the one-sun conversion efficiency of III–V/Si solar cells to 32.8% for two junctions and 35.9% for three junctions. Nat. Energy 2(9):17144
Cariou R, Benick J, Feldmann F, Höhn O, Hauser H, Beutel P, Razek N, Wimplinger M, Bläsi B, Lackner D, Hermle M, Siefer G, Glunz SW, Bett AW, Dimroth F (2018) III–V-on-silicon solar cells reaching 33% photoconversion efficiency in two-terminal configuration. Nat. Energy 3(4):326–333
Green MA, Emery K, Hishikawa Y, Warta W (2010) Solar cell efficiency tables (version 36). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 18(5):346–352
M.W. Wanlass, S. P. Ahrenkiel, R.K. Ahrenkiel, D.S. Albin, J.J. Carapella, A. Duda, J.F. Geisz, S. Kurtz, T. Moriarty, R.J. Wehrer, B. Wernsman. Lattice-mismatched approaches for high-performance, III-V photovoltaic energy converters. Proc. 31st IEEE PVSC, Lake Buena Vista, FL, 1/3–7/05, IEEE Catalog No. 05CH37608C, ISBN: 0-7803-8708-2
García-Valverde R, Espinosa N, Urbina A (2011) Optimized method for photovoltaic-water electrolyser direct coupling. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 36(17):10574–10586
Gibson TL, Kelly NA (2010) Predicting efficiency of solar powered hydrogen generation using photovoltaic-electrolysis devices. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 35(3):900–911
Solmecke H, Just O, Hackstein D (2000) Comparison of solar hydrogen storage systems with and without power-electronic DC-DC converters. Renew. Energy 19:333–338
Garciavalverde R, Miguel C, Martinezbejar R, Urbina A (2008) Optimized photovoltaic generator–water electrolyser coupling through a controlled DC–DC converter. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 33(20):5352–5362
Arriaga L, Martinez W, Cano U, Blud H (2007) Direct coupling of a solar-hydrogen system in Mexico. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 32(13):2247–2252
Huo P, Lombardero I, García I, Rey-Stolle I (2019) Enhanced performance of GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cells under high concentration through Pd/Ge/Ti/Pd/Al grid metallization. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 27(9):789–797
A.W. Bett, C. Baur, F. Dimroth, G. Lange, M. Meusel, S. van Riesen, G. Siefer (2003). Flatcon™-Modules: Technology and Characterisation, 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion
H. Lerchenmuller, A. W. Bett, J. Jaus, G. Willeke 2005. Cost and Market Perspectives for FLATCON®-system, 3rd Conference Solar Concentrator for Electricity or Hydrogen.
Lin Q, Huang H, Jing Y, Fu H, Chang P, Li D, Yao Y, Fan Z (2014) Flexible photovoltaic technologies. J. Mater. Chem. C 2(7):1233
Takamoto T, Kaneiwa M, Imaizumi M, Yamaguchi M (2005) InGaP/GaAs-based multijunction solar cells. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 13(6):495–511
Shahrjerdi D, Bedell SW, Bayram C, Lubguban CC, Fogel K, Lauro P, Ott JA, Hopstaken M, Gayness M, Sadana D (2013) Ultralight high-efficiency flexible InGaP/(in)GaAs tandem solar cells on plastic. Adv. Energy Mater. 3(5):566–571
Rongé J, Bosserez T, Huguenin L, Dumortier M, Haussener S, Martens JA (2015) Solar hydrogen reaching maturity, oil & gas science and technology. Revue d’IFP Energies Nouvelles 70(5):863–876
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Postdoctoral Research Program of Sungkyunkwan University (2021).
Contributed Data or Analysis Tools
Author 3: Junsin Yi.
1. Conceived and designed the analysis.
2. Collected the data.
3. Performed the analysis.
4. Scientific discussions.
Availability of Data and Material
Not applicable.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
Funding
This work was supported by the Postdoctoral Research Program of Sungkyunkwan University (2021).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Author 1: Duy Phong Pham.
1. Conceived and designed the analysis.
2. Collected the data.
3. Performed the analysis.
4. Wrote the paper.
Author 2: Sunhwa Lee.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
We confirm that all authors consent to ethical standards.
Consent to Participate
We confirm that all authors consent to participation.
Consent for Publication
We confirm that all authors consent to publication.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pham, D.P., Lee, S. & Yi, J. Photovoltaic Partner Selection for High-Efficiency Photovoltaic-Electrolytic Water Splitting Systems: Brief Review and Perspective. Silicon 14, 753–760 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01220-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-021-01220-2