Abstract
The virtue of humility is lauded by most authorities but opinions of what it is, what it includes and what it does not are multifarious. Religious and philosophical traditions in India stress its role in emancipating the ego and providing an understanding for one’s perspective as contrasted against the magnanimity of the Almighty, the Supernatural or the Universe. Most academicians within the scientific psychological realm also look upon humility as a virtue. Accredited as a powerful tool for personal, social and organisational well-being, humility, as a moral construct, deserves a thorough and detailed exploration to reveal what it entails, what its corollaries are and how it can be measured. It is particularly useful in Indian context, as indigenous traditions have always emphasised humility. However, such efforts have remained relatively neglected till recent years. Of course, a few researchers with emphasis on moral and positive psychology have probed and prodded this concept to lay bare its comprising elements and to build tools to measure it. These attempts have been discussed here. Information was culled from surveying the scientific literature of the past four decades from psychological and philosophical journals and handbooks. Its overlap with Indian concept of humility has been discussed, and the unresolved questions about its nuances are put forward for future research endeavour.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). The HEXACO-60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 340–345. doi:10.1080/00223890902935878.
Batson, C. D., Flink, C. H., Schoenrade, P. A., Fultz, J., & Pych, V. (1986). Religious orientation and overt versus covert racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 175–181.
Batson, C. D., & Gray, R. A. (1981). Religious orientation and helping behavior: Responding to one’s own or to the victim’s needs? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(5), 11–20.
Ben-Ze’ew, A. (1993). The virtue of modesty. American Philosophical Quarterly, 30, 235–246.
Bose, G. (1948). Bhagavadgita. Kolkata.
Cardak, M. (2013). The relationship between forgiveness and humility: A case study for university students. Academic Journals, 8(8), 425–430.
Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Humble beginnings: Current trends, state perspectives, and hallmarks of humility. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 819–833.
Davis, D. E., Hook, J. A., Worthington, E. L., Van Tongeren, D. R., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., et al. (2011). Relational humility: Conceptualizing and measuring humility as a personality judgment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 225–234.
Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Hook, J. N. (2010). Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as personality judgment. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 243–252.
Eerdmans Rowatt, W. C., Ottenbreit, A., Nesselroade, K. P., & Cunningham, P. (2002). On being holier-than-thou or humbler-than-thee: A social-psychological perspective on religiousness and humility. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 227–237.
Elliott, J. C. (2010). Humility: Development and analysis of a scale. Ph.D. dissertation., University of Tennessee, http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/795.
Emmons, R. A. (1998). The psychology of ultimate concern: Personality, spirituality, and intelligence. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Davis.
Emmons, R. A., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2003). The psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 377–402. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145024.
Exline, J. J., Campbell, W. K., Baumeister, R. F., Joiner, T., & Krueger, J. (2004). Humility and modesty. In C. Peterson & M. Seligman (Eds.), The values in action (VIA) classification of strengths (pp. 461–475). Cincinnati, OH: Values in Action Institute.
Exline, J. J., & Geyer, A. L. (2004). Perceptions of humility: A preliminary study. Self and Identity, 3, 95–114.
Exline, J. J., & Hill, P. C. (2012). Humility: A consistent and robust predictor of generosity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 208–218.
Hare, S. (1996). The paradox of moral humility. American Philosophical Quarterly, 33, 235–241.
Hareli, S., & Weiner, B. (2000). Accounts for success as determinants of perceived arrogance and modesty. Motivation and Emotion, 24(3), 215–236.
Hilbig, B. E., & Zettler, I. (2009). Pillars of cooperation: Honesty-humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 516–519.
John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1993). Determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits: The Big Five 820 domains, observability, evaluativeness, and the unique perspective of the self. Journal of Personality, 61, 521–551.
LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Tsang, J., & McCullough, W. G. (2012). Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons: Evidence from three studies. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 16–29.
Landrum, R. E. (2002, May). Humility: Its measurement and impact on person-perception. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
Landrum, R. E. (2011). Measuring dispositional humility: A first approximation. Psychological Reports, 108, 217–228.
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 329–358.
Lockhart, K. L., Goddu, M., & Keil, F. C. (2014, May). Developmentally adaptive intellectual arrogance. In J. H. Danovitch & J. S. Moser (Chair), Emerging evidence from the science of intellectual humility across the lifespan. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA.
Marlowe, D., Gergen, K. J., & Doob, A. N. (1966). Opponent’s personality, expectation of social interaction, and interpersonal bargaining. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 206–213.
Means, J. R., Wilson, G. L., Sturm, C., Biron, J. E., & Bach, P. J. (1990). Theory and practice: Humility as a psychotherapeutic formulation. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 3, 211–215.
Moser, J. S., & Danovitch, J. H. (2014, May). Error-related brain activity reveals markers of children’s intellectual humility. In J. H. Danovitch & J. S. Moser (Chair), Emerging evidence from the science of intellectual humility across the lifespan. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA.
Myers, D. G. (1995). Humility: Theology meets psychology. Reformed Review, 48, 195–206.
Myers, D. G. (2000). The psychology of humility. In R. L. Herrmann (Ed.), God, science & humility: Ten scientists consider humility theology. Radnor, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
Nielsen, R., Marrone, J. A., & Slay, H. S. (2010). A new look at humility: Exploring the humility concept and its role in socialized charismatic leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organisational Studies, 17(1), 33–43.
Nuyen, A. T. (1998). Just modesty. American Philosophical Quarterly, 35, 101–109.
Owens, B. P. (2009). Humility in organisational leadership. Doctoral dissertation. ProQuestLLC.3370531. Ann Arbor, MI.
Owens, B. P., Johnson, M. D., & Mitchell, T. R. (2013). Expressed humility in organisations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organisation Science. doi:10.1287/orsc.1120.0795.
Oxford English Dictionary. (1998). http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/oedbin/oed-id?id=191647477.
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2000). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your learning and your life. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Peters, A. S., Rowatt, W. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2011). Associations between dispositional humility and social relationship quality. Psychology, 2(3), 155–161.
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
Porter, T., Schumann, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2014, May). Intellectual humility, beliefs about intelligence & consequences for learning. In J. H. Danovitch & J. S. Moser (Chair), Emerging evidence from the science of intellectual humility across the lifespan. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA.
Powers, C., Nam, R. K., Rowatt, R. C., & Hill, P. C. (2007). Associations between humility, spiritual transcendence, and forgiveness. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 75–94.
Roberts, R. C. (1982). Spirituality and human emotion. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Rowatt.
Rowatt, W. C., Powers, C., Targhetta, V., Comer, J., Kennedy, S., & LaBouff, J. (2006). Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 198–211.
Ryan, D. S. (1983). Self-esteem: An operational definition and ethical analysis. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11, 295–302.
Sandage, S. J. (1999). An ego-humility model of forgiveness: Theoretical foundations. Marriage and Family: A Christian Journal, 2, 259–276.
Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Hight, T. L., & Berry, J. W. (2000). Seeking forgiveness: Theoretical context and an initial empirical study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28, 21–35.
Tangney, J. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 70–82.
Tangney, J. P. (2009). Humility. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 483–490). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0046.
Templeton, J. M. (1997). Worldwide laws of life. Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
Turgenev, I. S. (1862). Fathers and sons. Russia: The Russian Messenger.
Walters, D. J., Fernbach, P. M., Fox, C. R., & Sloman, S. A. (2014, May). Known unknowns in judgment. In J. H. Danovitch & J. S. Moser (Chair), Emerging evidence from the science of intellectual humility across the lifespan. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, San Francisco, CA.
Worthington, E. L. (1998). An empathy-humility-commitment model of forgiveness applied within family dyads. Journal of Family Therapy, 20, 59–76.
Acknowledgements
Funding was provided by University Grants Commission (Grant No. UGC UPE-II Cognitive Science Program).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhattacharya, O., Chatterjee, A. & Basu, J. Humility: An Emerging Construct in Moral Psychology. Psychol Stud 62, 1–11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0387-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0387-9