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Environmental Friendly Fluidized Bed Combustion of Solid Fuels: A Review About Local Scale Modeling of Char Heterogeneous Combustion

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Abstract

Purpose

Fluidized bed combustion is currently intensively developed throughout the world to produce energy from several types of solid fuels, while significantly reducing pollutant emissions with respect to conventional combustion units. Accurate models must be formulated at both bed and particle levels to operate efficiently such units, since local phenomena such as particle temperature and combustion rate are crucial aspects for process improvement and control. In this sense, this article proposes a classification of local scale models to represent the evolution of char heterogeneous combustion of any carbonaceous particles.

Methods

Existing models are described and classified based on the characteristics of the governing equations, the thermal behavior of the gas and solid phases and the description of both the burning particle and the surrounding gas, under a heterogeneous or pseudo-continuous assumption. Criteria for choosing one model instead of others are also considered, depending on the case. The so-called Intrinsic Reactivity Models are described in detail for evaluating the pertinence of their simulated results. The use of CFD to build a simulation scheme of the solid combustion process at local scale is also presented and discussed.

Results

A complete description of the solid fuel burning process is given, along with useful information concerning the evolution of different variables, such as particle internal temperature that governs the reaction rate and gas composition.

Conclusions

This comparative analysis gives a strong basis to select the appropriate modeling approach. Finally, recommendations are proposed for model application and future development.

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Abbreviations

Bi:

Biot number, dimensionless

cp :

Specific heat capacity (J/kg K)

C:

Molar concentration (kmol/m3)

d:

Diameter (m)

D:

Diffusivity (m2/s)

e:

Particle emissivity

Ea :

Activation energy (J/kmol)

h:

Enthalpy (J)

hb,s :

Heat transfer coefficient (particle in bed) (W/m2 K)

hg,s :

Heat transfer coefficient (particle in gas) (W/m2 K)

is :

Solid component j

km :

Mass transfer coefficient between particle and its surrounding (m/s)

n:

Number of chemical reactions

N:

Number of components

Ns :

Number of species

r:

Radius (m)

r:

Distance from particle center (m)

r:

Spherical coordinate

rS :

Particle external radius (m)

R:

Gas law constant (8.315 J/kg mol)

Ri :

Reaction rate of chemical reaction i (kg/m3 s)

S:

Area (m2)

Sv :

Specific surface area (m2/m3)

t:

Time (s)

T:

Temperature (K)

TS :

Temperature at particle surface (K)

v:

Gas velocity (m/s)

v0 :

Superficial gas velocity (m/s)

x:

x-direction

xC :

Conversion degree of solid or carbon

X:

Solid component mass fraction

y:

Axis of cylinder

y :

Species mass fraction

α:

Stoichiometric coefficient

ϒ:

Stoichiometric coefficient

∆H:

Reaction enthalpy (J/kg)

∆T:

Temperature difference (K)

ε:

Porosity

τ:

Particle tortuosity

λ:

Thermal conductivity (W/m K)

ρ:

Density (kg/m3)

σ:

Stephan–Boltzmann constant (5.67 × 10−8 W/m2 K4)

Ω H :

Overall source term due to chemical reaction, for energy

Ω M :

Overall source term due to chemical reaction, for mass

Ψ:

Adjustable parameter in Eq. (13)

∇:

Grade operator

0:

Initial

av:

Available

b:

Bed, bulk

C:

Carbon

eff:

Effective

g:

Gas

H:

Enthalpy

i:

Combustion reaction

j:

Species or component j

m:

Mass

max:

Maximum

p:

Particle

ref:

Reference

s:

External surface of the solid

s:

Solid

0:

Reference

g:

Gas

N S :

Number of species

s:

Solid

AC:

Asymptotic consumption

ANN:

Artificial neural network

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

DAE:

Distributed activation energy

DEM:

Discrete element method

FB:

Fluidized bed

FBC:

Fluidized bed combustor

GC:

General case

GC:

Global combustion

HM:

Heavy metal

HSC:

Heterogeneous shrinking core

IR:

Intrinsic reactive

IRGC:

Intrinsic reactivity general case

LES:

Large eddy simulation

LHS:

Left hand side

MLP:

Multi layer perceptron

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

RDF:

Residue derived fuel

RHS:

Right hand side

QSS:

Quasi stationary state

PVC:

Poly vinyl chloride

SIMPLE:

Semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations

UC:

Uniform conversion

UDF:

User defined function

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Acknowledgments

This study was developed in the CONICET (MINCyT)—CNRS Argentine—French collaboration agreement (SYNSOLGAS PROJECT). G. D. Mazza and J. M. Soria are Research Members of CONICET (Argentina). It was supported by the SOLSTICE Laboratory of Excellence of the French “Investments for the future” programme managed by the National Agency for Research under contract ANR-10-LABX-22-01.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos, Biotecnología y Energías Alternativas (PROBIEN, CONICET-UNCo), Buenos Aires 1400, 8300, Neuquén, Argentina

    Germán D. Mazza, José M. Soria, Andrés Reyes Urrutia & Mariana Zambon

  2. Laboratoire Procédés, Matériaux et Énergie Solaire (CNRS-PROMES), 7 Rue du Four Solaire, Odeillo, 66120, Font-Romeu, France

    Daniel Gauthier & Gilles Flamant

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  1. Germán D. Mazza
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  2. José M. Soria
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  3. Daniel Gauthier
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  4. Andrés Reyes Urrutia
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  5. Mariana Zambon
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  6. Gilles Flamant
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Correspondence to Gilles Flamant.

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Mazza, G.D., Soria, J.M., Gauthier, D. et al. Environmental Friendly Fluidized Bed Combustion of Solid Fuels: A Review About Local Scale Modeling of Char Heterogeneous Combustion. Waste Biomass Valor 7, 237–266 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-015-9461-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-015-9461-5

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