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Novel Glycerol-Based Natural Eutectic Mixtures and Their Efficiency in the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Polyphenols from Agri-Food Waste Biomass

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Abstract

Several abundant agri-food wastes, including lemon peels, olive leaves, onion solid wastes, red grape pomace, spent filter coffee and wheat bran, were used to test the efficiency of some novel glycerol-based natural eutectic mixtures to extract polyphenolic compounds. Extractions were performed under specified ultrasonication conditions and the eutectic mixtures, tested as 90 % (v/v) aqueous solutions, were glycerol:choline chloride, glycerol:sodium acetate and glycerol:sodium–potassium tartrate:water, with corresponding molar ratios of 3:1, 3:1 and 5:1:4. The latter two mixtures are reported for the first time. Water and 60 % (v/v) aqueous ethanol were also used as control solvents. The results obtained evidenced that glycerol:choline chloride exhibited high efficiency, which was comparable or even surpassed that of aqueous ethanol, but in some instances the same was observed for glycerol:sodium acetate too. In general, glycerol:sodium–potassium tartrate:water displayed lower efficiency in extracting polyphenols. The data also suggested that extracts with high polyphenol concentration may also possess higher antiradical activity and reducing power. The findings of this study were interpreted on the ground of assumptions regarding the polarity of the eutectic mixtures tested.

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Abbreviations

AAR :

Antiradical activity (μmol DPPH g−1)

AED:

Acoustic energy density (W L−1)

C TFn :

Total flavonoid concentration (mg RtE L−1)

C TP :

Total polyphenol concentration (mg GAE L−1)

PR :

Reducing power (μmol AAE g−1)

T :

Temperature (°C)

YTFn :

Yield in total flavonoids (mg RtE g−1)

YTP :

Yield in total polyphenols (mg GAE g−1)

AAE:

Ascorbic acid equivalents

ChCl:

Choline chloride

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

EMs:

Eutectic mixtures

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalents

HBA:

Hydrogen bond acceptor

HBD:

Hydrogen bond donor

LMP:

Lemon peels

OLL:

Olive leaves

OSW:

Onion solid wastes

RGP:

Red grape pomace

RtE:

Rutin equivalents

SFC:

Spent filter coffee

TPTZ:

2,4,6-Tripyridyl-s-triazine

WB:

Wheat bran

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitr. Ioakim Street, Myrina, 81400, Lemnos, Greece

    Evridiki Mouratoglou, Vassiliki Malliou & Dimitris P. Makris

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  1. Evridiki Mouratoglou
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  2. Vassiliki Malliou
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Correspondence to Dimitris P. Makris.

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In memory of Dr. Panagiotis Kefalas.

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Mouratoglou, E., Malliou, V. & Makris, D.P. Novel Glycerol-Based Natural Eutectic Mixtures and Their Efficiency in the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Polyphenols from Agri-Food Waste Biomass. Waste Biomass Valor 7, 1377–1387 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9539-8

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