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A Green Valorisation Approach Using Microwaves and Supercritical CO2 for High-Added Value Ingredients from Mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) Leaf Waste

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Abstract

The present study aims to increase the efficiency of a resource from waste to health by valorisation of it through cleaner, eco-friendly and less energy-consuming technical processes such as microwave-asissted (MAE) and supercritical fluid (SFE) extractions. On the other hand, optimization of the processes have been applied utilizing multivariate statistic technique such as Response surface Methodology (RSM) in order to consider any possible interaction between variables with less number of experiments as well as to model a response affected by several variables. The outcome of the present study indicates that the optimum conditions for MAE were 275 W of microwave power together with 2 g mandarin leaf for 45 s; regarding SFE, 50 °C, 200 bar and 0.39 mL/min was found as the optimal condition to obtain the maximum yields of each dependent variable such as total phenolic material (TPM) and total flavonoid material (TFM), respectively. Additionally, antioxidant activity values measured by several methods such as cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) were correlated positively with both TPM and TFM in the leaf extracts. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated cell wall disruption in all the treatement groups compared to untreated samples.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank for the support of the Research Fund of Istanbul University (Bilimsel Araştirma Projeleri Birimi, Istanbul Üniversitesi). Project number is 41685.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University, Avcılar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey

    Fadime Ateş, Selin Şahin & Ş. İ. Kırbaşlar

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Uşak University, 64200, Uşak, Turkey

    Zeynep İlbay

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  1. Fadime Ateş
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  2. Selin Şahin
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  4. Ş. İ. Kırbaşlar
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Correspondence to Selin Şahin.

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Ateş, F., Şahin, S., İlbay, Z. et al. A Green Valorisation Approach Using Microwaves and Supercritical CO2 for High-Added Value Ingredients from Mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) Leaf Waste. Waste Biomass Valor 10, 533–546 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0074-z

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