Abstract
The Qingling–Bashan (QB) mountain region in southern Shaanxi mainly consists of strongly compressive zones from east to west, with tight folds and compressive fractures. There is a wide distribution of soft rocks of various types, such as phyllite and slate, accompanied by complex geological structures. Ironically, tunnel construction in these difficult grounds with complicated geological conditions embraces a high risk of extreme deformation due to various unpredictable reasons, which can frequently cause collapse and result in budget overruns during the construction period. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct effective countermeasures to eliminate or avoid such adverse impacts. This paper provides a case study on the “Yingfeng tunnel” (a tunnel constructed in soft rock consisting of a slate ground) based on a geological survey, indoor experiments and in situ monitoring. A successive rock mass deformation resulted in the tunnel lining seriously intruding into construction clearance and some other sections, even collapsing during the construction. The maximum displacement amount was 62.5 cm, while the maximum deformation speed reached as high as 34.18 mm/day. Additionally, to evaluate the construction impacts of tunnelling-induced geo-hazards, an investigation on extreme deformation was conducted. Considering the time-dependent features of the rock mass deformation, the constraint-convergence method was used to put forward applicable countermeasures in this paper. Finally, from the feedbacks of monitoring results, extreme deformation of the Yingfeng tunnel was effectively controlled.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aksoy CO, Ogul K, Topal I, Posluk E, Gicir A, Kucuk K, Aldas GU (2014) Reducing deformation effect of tunnel with non-deformable support system by jointed rock mass model. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 40(1):218–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.10.016
Aydan Ö, Akagi T, Kawamoto T (1993) The squeezing potential of rocks around tunnels; theory and prediction. Rock Mech Rock Eng 26(2):137–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01023620
Barla G, Bonini M, Semeraro M (2011) Analysis of the behaviour of a yield-control support system in squeezing rock. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 26(1):146–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2010.08.001
Brown ET, Bray JW, Ladanyi B, Hoek E (1983) Ground response curves for rock tunnels. J Geotech Eng 109(1):15–39
Brox D, Hagedorn H (1999) Extreme deformation and damage during the construction of large tunnels. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 14(1):23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(99)00010-3
Cantieni L, Anagnostou G (2009) The interaction between yielding supports and squeezing ground. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 24(3):309–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.10.001
Cantieni L, Anagnostou G, Hug R (2011) Interpretation of core extrusion measurements when tunnelling through squeezing ground. Rock Mech Rock Eng 44(6):641–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0170-5
Chen G, Wu ZZ, Wang FJ, Ma YL (2011) Study on the application of a comprehensive technique for geological prediction in tunneling. Environ Earth Sci 62(8):1667–1671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0651-y
Cheng WC, Ni JC, Shen JS, Wang ZF (2018) Modeling of permeation and fracturing grouting in sand: laboratory investigations. J Test Eval. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170170
Dwivedi RD, Singh M, Viladkar MN, Goel RK (2013) Prediction of tunnel deformation in squeezing grounds. Eng Geol 161(4):55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.04.005
Dwivedi RD, Singh M, Viladkar MN, Goel RK (2014) Estimation of support pressure during tunnelling through squeezing grounds. Eng Geol 168:9–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.10.020
Egger P (2000) Design and construction aspects of deep tunnels (with particular emphasis on strain softening rocks). Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 15(4):403–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00008-6
Fang Q, Zhang D, Wong LNY (2012) Shallow tunnelling method (STM) for subway station construction in soft ground. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 29(3):10–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.12.007
Fang Q, Zhang D, Zhou P, Wong LNY (2013) Ground reaction curves for deep circular tunnels considering the effect of ground reinforcement. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 60:401–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.01.003
Fang Y, Yao ZG, Walton G, Fu YP (2018) Liner behavior of a tunnel constructed below a caved zone. KSCE J Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-1162-8
González-Cao J, Varas F, Bastante FG, Alejano LR (2013) Ground reaction curves for circular excavations in non-homogeneous, axisymmetric strain-softening rock masses. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 5(6):431–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.08.001
He Q, Wang F, Xie WL (2007) The application of the advance support in the treatment of the collapse of the Fuziguan tunnel. Geotech Eng World 10(4):47–49 (in Chinese)
Hu Z, Du K, Lai J et al (2019) Statistical analysis of influence of cover depth on loess tunnel deformation in NW China. Adv Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2706976
JTG D70-2004 (2004) Code for design of road tunnel. China Communications, Beijing (in Chinese)
Lai JX, Mao S, Qiu JL, Fan HB, Zhang Q, Hu ZN, Chen JX (2016a) Investigation progresses and applications of fractional derivative model in geotechnical engineering. Math Probl Eng 2016(3):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9183296
Lai JX, Wang KY, Qiu JL et al (2016b) Vibration response characteristics of the cross tunnel structure. Shock Vib. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9524206
Lai JX, He SY, Qiu JL, Chen JX, Wang LX, Wang K, Wang JB (2017) Characteristics of seismic disasters and aseismic measures of tunnels in Wenchuan Earthquake. Environ Earth Sci 76(2):76–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6405-3
Li CS (2009) Study on construction method of Foling tunnel portal section under shallow and weak surrounding rock. MS thesis. School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China (in Chinese)
Li Y, Yang Y, Yu HS, Roberts G (2017) Principal stress rotation under bidirectional simple shear loadings. KSCE J Civ Eng 1:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-0822-4
Li YY, Xu SS, Liu HQ, Ma EL, Wang LX (2018a) Displacement and stress characteristics of tunnel foundation in collapsible loess ground reinforced by jet grouting columns. Adv Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2352174
Li XZ, Qi CZ, Shao ZS (2018b) A microcrack growth-based constitutive model for evaluating transient shear properties during brittle creep of rocks. Eng Fract Mech 194:9–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.02.034
Li PF, Wang F, Fang Q (2018c) Undrained analysis of ground reaction curves for deep tunnels in saturated ground considering the effect of ground reinforcement. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 71:579–590
Lin DM, Yuan RM, Shang YJ, Bao WX, Wang KY, Zhang ZJ, Li K, He WT (2017) Deformation and failure of a tunnel in the restraining bend of a strike–slip fault zone: an example from Hengshan Mountain, Shanxi Province, China. Bull Eng Geol Env 76(1):263–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0850-1
Liu NF, Li N, Li GF, Zhang ZQ, Mu YH (2018) Deformation and collapse mechanisms of water-rich soil tunnels. Soil Mech Found Eng 54(3):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-018-9485-5
Liu C, Lv Z, Zhu C et al (2019a) Study on calculation method of long term deformation of RAC beam based on creep adjustment coefficient. KSCE J Civil Eng (in press)
Liu C, Fan Z, Chen X et al (2019b) Experimental study on bond behavior between section steel and RAC under full replacement ratio. KSCE J Civil Eng (in press)
Luo YB, Chen JX, Huang P, Tang MQ, Qiao X, Liu Q (2017) Deformation and mechanical model of temporary support sidewall in tunnel cutting partial section. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 61:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.09.007
Luo XL, Niu LY, Zhang SG (2018) An algorithm for traffic flow prediction based on improved SARIMA and GA. KSCE J Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-0429-4
Luo XL, Li DY, Zhang SR (2019) Traffic flow prediction in holidays based on DFT and SVR. J Sens. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6461450
Manh HT, Sulem J, Subrin D, Billaux D (2015) Anisotropic time-dependent modeling of tunnel excavation in squeezing ground. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(6):2301–2317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0717-y
Meng LB, Li TB, Jiang Y, Wang R, Li YR (2013) Characteristics and mechanisms of large deformation in the Zhegu mountain tunnel on the Sichuan-Tibet highway. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 37(6):157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.03.009
Nie XX, Wei XB, Li XC, Lu CW (2018) Heat treatment and ventilation optimization in a deep mine. Adv Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1529490
Niu S, Jing HW, Kun HU, Yang DF (2010) Numerical investigation on the sensitivity of jointed rock mass strength to various factors. Min Sci Technol 20(4):530–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1674-5264(09)60238-6
Ocak I (2014) A new approach for estimating the transverse surface settlement curve for twin tunnels in shallow and soft soils. Environ Earth Sci 72(7):2357–2367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3145-5
Oreste PP (2003a) Analysis of structural interaction in tunnels using the covergence–confinement approach. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 18(4):347–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(03)0004-X
Oreste PP (2003b) A procedure for determining the reaction curve of shotcrete lining considering transient conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 36(3):209–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-002-0043-z
Panthi KK, Nilsen B (2007) Uncertainty analysis of tunnel squeezing for two tunnel cases from Nepal Himalaya. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(1):67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.04.013
Qiao RJ, Shao ZS, Wei W, Zhang YY (2018) Theoretical investigation into the thermo-mechanical behaviours of tunnel lining during RABT fire development. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3555-x
Qiao RJ, Shao ZS, Liu FY, Wei W (2019) Damage evolution and safety assessment of tunnel lining subjected to long-duration fire. Tunn Undergr Space Technol (in press)
Qin W (2013) Analysis on intrusion mechanism of tunnel support and the optimized scheme for exchanging tunnel arch. MS thesis, School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China. (in Chinese)
Qiu JL, Wang XL, He SY, Liu HQ, Lai JX, Wang LX (2017a) The catastrophic landside in Maoxian County, Sichuan, SW China on June 24, 2017. Nat Hazards 89(3):1485–1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-3026-9
Qiu JL, Xie YL, Fan HB, Wang ZC, Zhang YW (2017b) Centrifuge modelling of twin-tunnelling induced ground movements in loess strata. Arab J Geosci 10(22):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3297-1
Qiu JL, Wang XL, Lai JX, Zhang Q, Wang JB (2018a) Response characteristics and preventions for seismic subsidence of loess in Northwest China. Nat Hazards 2018(7):1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3272-5
Qiu JL, Liu HQ, Lai JX, Lai HP, Chen JX, Wang K (2018b) Investigating the long term settlement of a tunnel built over improved loessial foundation soil using jet grouting technique. J Perform Constr Facil. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001155
Qiu JL, Qin YW, Lai JX et al (2019a) Structural response of the metro tunnel under local dynamic water environment in loess strata. Geofluids. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8541959
Qiu JL, Yang T,Wang XL, Zhang GL (2019b) Review of the flame retardancy on highway tunnel asphalt pavement. Constr Build Mater (in press)
Ren R, Xu SS, Ren ZD, Zhang SZ, Wang H, Wang XL, He SY (2018) Numerical investigation of particle concentration distribution characteristics in twin-tunnel complementary ventilation system. Math Probl Eng 2018:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1329187
TB 10049-2004 (2004) Code for hydrogeological investigation of railway engineering. China Railway Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)
Tian HM, Chen WZ, Yang DS, Wu GJ, Tan XJ (2016) Numerical analysis on the interaction of shotcrete liner with rock for yielding supports. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 54:20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.01.025
Wang JB, Song ZP, Zhao BY, Liu XR, Liu J, Lai JX (2017) A study on the mechanical behavior and statistical damage constitutive model of sandstone. Arab J Sci Eng 2017(4):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-3016-y
Wang ZF, Shen SL, Cheng WC, Arulrajah A (2018a) Simple method to predict ground displacements caused by installing horizontal jet-grouting columns. Math Probl Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1897394
Wang YQ, Wang ZF, Cheng WC (2018b) A review on land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal in Xi’an, China. Bull Eng Geol Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1278-6
Wang ZF, Wang YQ, Cheng WC (2018c) Investigation into geohazards during urbanization process of Xi’an, China. Nat Hazards 92(3):1937–1953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3280-5
Wang ZC, Hu Z, Lai JX, Wang H, Wang K, Zan WB (2018d) Settlement characteristics of jacked box tunneling underneath a highway embankment. J Perform Construct Facil. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001269
Wang ZC, Xie YL, Liu HQ et al (2018e) Analysis on deformation and structural safety of a novel concrete-filled steel tube support system in loess tunnel. Eur J Environ Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2018.1515665
Wei Y, Liang SM, Guo WQ, Hansen W (2017) Stress prediction in very early-age concrete subject to restraint under varying temperature histories. Cement Concret Compos 83:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.07.006
Wu GJ, Chen WZ, Tian HM, Jia SP, Yang JP, Tan XJ (2018) Numerical evaluation of a yielding tunnel lining support system used in limiting large deformation in squeezing rock. Environ Earth Sci 77(12):439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7614-0
Xiao JZ, Dai FC, Wei YQ, Xing YC, Cai H, Xu C (2016) Analysis of mechanical behavior in a pipe roof during excavation of a shallow bias tunnel in loose deposits. Environ Earth Sci 75(4):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5176-y
Yan QX, Chen H, Chen WY, Zhang JC, Huang X (2018a) Dynamic characteristic and fatigue accumulative damage of a cross shield tunnel structure under vibration load. Shock Vib. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9525680
Yan QX, Li BJ, Deng ZX, Li B (2018b) Dynamic responses of shield tunnel structures with and without secondary lining upon impact by a derailed train. Struct Eng Mech 65:741–750. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2018.65.6.741
Yan QX, Song LY, Chen H, Chen WY, Ma SQ, Yang WB (2018c) Dynamic response of segment lining of overlapped shield tunnels under train-induced vibration loads. Arab J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3147-9
Yan QX, Xu YJ, Zhang WL, Geng P, Yang WB (2018d) Numerical analysis of the cracking and failure behaviors of segmental lining structure of an underwater shield tunnel subjected to a derailed high-speed train impact. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 72:41–54
Yu HT, Yan X, Bobet A (2018) Multi-point shaking table test of a long tunnel subjected to non-uniform seismic loadings. Bull Earthq Eng 16(2):1041–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0223-6
Zhang JP (2012) Analysis of stability and study on prevention projects of slope on tunnel entrance at Yangpoli, MS thesis. School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China (in Chinese)
Zhang C, Feng XT, Zhou H (2012) Estimation of in situ stress along deep tunnels buried in complex geological conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 52(3):139–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.03.016
Zhang ZX, Liu C, Huang X (2017) Numerical analysis of volume loss caused by tunnel face instability in soft soils. Environ Earth Sci 76(16):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6893-1
Zhang ZQ, Li HY, Yang HY, Wang B (2018a) Failure modes and face instability of shallow tunnels under soft grounds. Int J Damage Mech. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056789518773135
Zhang ZQ, Shi XQ, Wang B, Li HY (2018b) Stability of NATM tunnel faces in soft surrounding rocks. Comput Geotech 96:90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.10.009
Zhang HJ, Wang ZZ, Lu F, Xu GY, Qiu WG (2018c) Analysis of the displacement increment induced by removing temporary linings and corresponding countermeasures. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 73:236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.025
Zheng YC, Xu SS, Liu HY et al (2019) Study on the influence partitions of proximity tunneling based on nonlinear multivariate regression. Adv Civil Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8308737
Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by National Key R&D problem of China (no. 2018YFC0808706) and the Project on Social Development of Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department (no. 2018SF-382, no. 2018SF-378).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lai, J., Wang, X., Qiu, J. et al. Extreme deformation characteristics and countermeasures for a tunnel in difficult grounds in southern Shaanxi, China. Environ Earth Sci 77, 706 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7888-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7888-2