Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Initial Stage Oxidation and Surface Morphology of Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel at High Temperatures in Air

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Modified 9Cr–1Mo steel was oxidized in air at 550 and 750 °C for 25, 100, 250 and 500 h and the oxide scales formed were analysed. The surface morphology and the chemical state of the oxide scales were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The different exposure temperatures and time showed significant variations on the surface morphologies, the nature of oxide scale, and oxide constituents. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) analysis revealed the segregation of Mn at 750 °C even for short exposure time. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) patterns revealed the scales to be enriched with haematite and less intense magnetite peaks. Detailed XPS characterization indicated the presence of mixed oxides of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) in the oxide scales. The Fe–Cr spinel in the oxide scale offered resistance to oxidation of the steel, whereas Mn–Cr spinel was deleterious in nature as it promoted cracking and formation of blisters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Raj B, Mannan S L, Vasudeva Rao P R, Mathew M D, Sadhana 27 (2002) 527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rajendran Pillai S, Dayal R K, Oxid Met 69 (2008) 131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Faulkner R G, Abe F, Kern T U, Viswanathan R, Grain Boundaries in Creep Resistant Steels, CRC Press, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, England (2008), p 329.

  4. Srinivasan S, Mallika C, Krishna NG, Thinakaran C, Jayakumar T, Kamachi Mudali U, Corros Sci 79 (2014) 59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Osgerby S, Fry T, Mater Res 7 (2004) 141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Fry T, Osgerby S, Wright M Oxidation of Alloys in Steam Environments—A Review, NPL Report, MATC(A)90, Sept. (2002).

  7. Laverde D, Gomez-Acebo T, Castro F, Corros Sci 46 (2004) 613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sequeria C A C, Chen Y, Santos D M F, Song X, Corros Prot Mater 27 (2008), 114.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Agüero A, Gonzáleza V, Mayr P, Spiradek-Hahn K, Mater Chem Phys 141 (2013) 432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ampornrat P, Was G S, J Nucl Mater 371 (2007) 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Tariq Malik M, Bergner D, Crystal Res. Technol 23 (1988) 1503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Viswanathan R, Sarver J, Tanzosh J M J Mater Eng Perform 15 (2006) 255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. de Fatima Salgado M, Sabionia A C S, Huntz A, Rossi E H, Mater Res 11 (2008) 227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lin T -C, Seshadri G, Kelber J A, Appl Surf Sci 119 (1997) 83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. BiesingerM C, Payne B P, Grosvenor A P, Lau L W M, Gerson A R, Smart R S C, Appl Surf Sci 257 (2011) 2717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Biesinger M C, Lau L W M, Gerson A R, Appl Surf Sci 257 (2010) 887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Grosvenor A P, Kobe B A, Biesinger M C, McIntyre N S, Surf Interface Anal 36 (2004) 1564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Aronniemi M, Lahtinen J, Hautojarvi P, Surf Interface Anal 36 (2004) 1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Machet A, Galtayries A, Marcus P, Combrade P, Jolivet P, Scott P, Surf Interface Anal 34 (2002) 197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Moulder J F, Stickle W F, Sobol P E, Bomben K D, Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Perkin–Elmer Corp., Eden Prairie, (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Stott F H, Wei F I, Enahoro C A, Mater Corros 40 (1989) 198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge Mr. Nanda Gopala Krishna, Corrosion Science and Technology Group, IGCAR for his help in obtaining XPS data.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Corrosion Science and Technology Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India

    M. Archana, S. Ningshen, C. Mallika & U. Kamachi Mudali

Authors
  1. M. Archana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Ningshen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Mallika
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. U. Kamachi Mudali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Ningshen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Archana, M., Ningshen, S., Mallika, C. et al. Initial Stage Oxidation and Surface Morphology of Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel at High Temperatures in Air. Trans Indian Inst Met 70, 1477–1489 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-016-0932-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-016-0932-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation