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Adrift across tectonic plates: molecular phylogenetics supports the ancient Laurasian origin of old limnic crangonyctid amphipods

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Abstract

Crangonyctidae is a speciose and almost exclusively freshwater Holarctic family of amphipod crustaceans. Its members inhabit groundwater as well as epigean biotopes with groundwater connections, and often exhibit endemic, relict distributions. Therefore, it has been proposed that this poorly dispersing, yet intercontinentally distributed family must have ancient Mesozoic origins. Here, we test the hypothesis that Crangonyctidae originated before the final break-up of Laurasia at the end of the Cretaceous. We used molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers and incorporated six out of the seven recognized genera. We calculated divergence times using a novel calibration scheme based exclusively on fossils and, for comparison, also applied substitution rates previously inferred for other arthropods. Our results indicate that crangonyctids originated during the Early Cretaceous in a northerly temperate area comprising nowadays North America and Europe, supporting the Laurasian origin hypothesis. Moreover, high latitude lineages were found to be generally older than the ones at lower latitudes, further supporting the boreal origin of the group and its relict biogeography. The estimated substitution rate of 1.773% Ma−1 for the COI marker agrees well with other arthropod rates, making it appropriate for dating divergences at various phylogenetic levels within the Amphipoda. Furthermore, our extensive phylogeny reinforces the polyphyly of the intercontinental genera Crangonyx, Stygobromus, and Synurella, supports the monophyly of Bactrurus, and elucidates the position of Lyurella. We conclude that crangonyctids are an ideal model for testing continental-level vicariance hypotheses and should be in the focus of future phylogenomic studies.

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  • 30 April 2019

    The above article was originally published with an error. Figures 1 and 2 were shown in the wrong order. The original article has been corrected.

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Acknowledgments

The research in Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, and Far East was carried out by various scientific teams during several different field trips to Ukraine in November 2010, Turkey in April 2011, Georgia in 2009/2015, Armenia in August 2011, and Russia in 2001/2013. DS would like to express deepest gratitude to Dmitry Palatov, Mikhail Bizin and Vadim Marinskiy (Moscow State University), Oleg Kovtun (Odessa National University), Elena Khamenkova (Institute of Biological Problems of the North) and Mikhail Ermokhin (Saratov State University) for their careful collections of the studied cave/spring samples, and to Vadim Takhteev and Stanislav Gamayunov (Irkutsk State University), who were involved in sampling expeditions to the Olkhinsky and Orekhovy springs respectively. DCC thanks Adam Petrusek and Pavel Pešek for providing specimens and was supported by the Charles University Grant Agency, project no. 1398214 and the Nature Research Centre, Vilnius. DS was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 09/10-04-98544. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for their useful remarks. We dedicate this study to the memory of our elder colleague Prof. John R. Holsinger, whose 50-year career left a significant impact on the systematics, biogeography, biodiversity, and conservation of subterranean amphipods.

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  1. Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Hydrobionts, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Denis Copilaş-Ciocianu

  2. Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague, Czechia

    Denis Copilaş-Ciocianu

  3. Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 100-let Vladivostoku Av. 159, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, 690022

    Dmitry Sidorov & Andrey Gontcharov

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Copilaş-Ciocianu, D., Sidorov, D. & Gontcharov, A. Adrift across tectonic plates: molecular phylogenetics supports the ancient Laurasian origin of old limnic crangonyctid amphipods. Org Divers Evol 19, 191–207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00401-7

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