Abstract
Esca is one of the main causes of reduction of production, plant decline and death in vineyards of most viticultural areas of the World. We determined the foliar esca symptoms on a range of grapevine cultivars in three central-eastern Italian vineyards during summer 2008, characterized by conducive conditions for the disease. In vineyard AP1, the incidence of symptomatic plants was recorded for 67 Vitis vinifera cultivars. Among white-berried cultivars, Passerina, Sauvignon blanc, Manzoni bianco, and Riesling, had highest incidence of symptomatic plants (28–35 %), while cvs. Chiapparù, Grechetto, Perdea, Verdicchio, Fiano and Pinot blanc had lowest (0–5 %). Among red-berried cultivars, Rebo had highest incidence of symptomatic plants (>35 %), with lowest for cvs. Lacrima, Brugentile, Sirah, and Limberger (0 %), followed by Gallioppo, Merlot, and Nebbiolo (<5 %). However, mean values of symptomatic plants among red and white cultivars were similar. The six cultivars monitored in vineyard AP2 confirmed this cultivar susceptibility ranking. Furthermore, in vineyard AN1, incidence of esca symptoms on seven cultivars grafted onto different rootstock was recorded. Cvs. Fiano and Sauvignon grafted onto SO4 showed higher disease incidence than combinations with 1103P. This result can be ascribed to the higher drought resistance of 1103P as compared to SO4, supporting the hypothesis that esca symptoms occur mostly in stressed plants. Significant differences in the symptom expression were recorded just among clones of Sauvignon, while they were not found in Chardonnay, Riesling and Pinot blanc. Our data give useful information for growers in planning cultivar/rootstock combination choice for new vineyards, and can provide an idea of possible evolution of esca along time in an already established vineyard.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aroca A, Garcia-Figueres F, Bracamonte L, Luque J, Raposo R (2006) A survey of trunk disease pathogens within rootstocks of grapevines in Spain. Eur J Plant Pathol 115:195–202
Borgo M, Bellotto D, Dal Cortivo GL, Zanzotto A, Tosi E, Marchesini E (2008) Sensibilità varietale al mal dell’esca della vite nel Veneto. Proceedings of the Giornate Fitopatologiche, Cervia (RA), Italy, 2, 223–230
Calzarano F, Di Marco S, Cesari A (2004) Benefit of fungicide treatment after trunk renewal of vines with different types of esca necrosis. Phytopathol Mediterr 43:116–124
de Herralde F, del Mar AM, Aranda X, Save R, Biel C (2006) Effects of rootstock and irrigation regime on hydraulic architecture of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo. J Int Sci Vigne Vin 40:133–139
Edwards J, Pascoe IG (2004) Occurrence of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum associated with Petri disease and esca in Australian grapevines. Australas Plant Pathol 33:273–279
Eskalen A, Rooney S, Gubler WD (2001) Recovery of «Phaeomoniella chlamydospora» and «Phaeoacremonium inflatipes» from soil and grapevine tissues. Phytopathol Mediterr 40:S351–S356
Eskalen A, Feliciano AJ, Gubler WD (2007) Susceptibility of grapevine pruning wounds and symptom development in response to infection by Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Plant Dis 91:1100–1104
Feliciano AJ, Eskalen A, Gubler WD (2004) Differential susceptibility of three grapevine cultivars to the Phaeoacremoium aleophilum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in California. Phytopathol Mediterr 43:66–69
Fussler L, Kobes N, Bertrand F, Maumy M, Grosman J, Savary S (2008) Characterization of grapevine trunk diseases in French from data generated by National Grapevine Wood Diseases Survey. Phytopathology 98:571–579
Gimenez-Jaime A, Aroca A, Raposo R, Garcia-Jimenez J, Armengol J (2006) Occurrence of fungal pathogens associated with grapevine nurseries and the decline of young vines in Spain. J Phytopathol 154:598–602
Graniti A, Surico G, Mugnai L (2000) Esca of grapevine: a disease complex or a complex of diseases? Phytopathol Mediterr 39:16–20
Halleen F, Crous PW, Petrini O (2003) Fungi associated with healthy grapevine cuttings in nursery, with special reference to pathogens involved in the decline of young vines. Australas Plant Pathol 32:47–52
Koundouras S, Tsialtas JT, Zioziou E, Nikolaou N (2008) Rootstock effects on the adaptive strategies of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) under contrasting water status: leaf physiological and structural responses. Agric Ecosyst Environ 128:86–96
Landi L, Murolo S, Romanazzi G (2012) Colonization of Vitis spp. wood by sGFP-transformed Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, a tracheomycotic fungus involved in esca disease. Phytopathology 102(3):290–297
Larignon P, Dubos B (1997) Fungi associated with esca disease in grapevine. Eur J Plant Pathol 103:147–157
Lecomte P, Darrieutort G, Limiñana JM, Comont G, Muruamendiaraz A, Legorburu FJ, Choueiri E, Jreijiri FE, El Amil R, Fermaud M (2012) New insights into esca of grapevine: the development of foliar symptoms and their association with xylem discoloration. Plant Dis 96:924–934
Lorrain B, Ky I, Pasquier G, Jourdes M, Guerin Dubrana L, Gény L, Rey P, Donèche B, Teissedre PL (2012) Effect of Esca disease on the phenolic and sensory attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, musts and wines. Aust J Grape Wine Res 18:64–72
Marchi G (2001) Susceptibility to esca of various grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars grafted on different rootstocks in a vineyard in the province of Siena (Italy). Phytopathol Mediterr 40:27–36
Marsais P (1923) L’Esca. Revue Vitic 59:8–14
Mugnai L, Graniti A, Surico G (1999) Esca (Black Measles) and brown wood-streaking: two old and elusive diseases of grapevines. Plant Dis 83:404–418
Novello V, de Palma L (1997) Genotype, rootstock and irrigation influence on water relations, photosynthesis and water use efficiency in grapevine. Acta Horticult 449:467–473
Padget-Johnson M, Williams LE, Walker MA (2000) The influence of Vitis riparia rootstock on water relations and gas exchange of Vitis vinifera cv. Carignane scion under non-irrigated conditions. Am J Enol Vitic 51:137–143
Petit AN, Vaillant N, Boulay M, Clément C, Fontaine F (2006) Alteration of photosynthesis in grapevines affected by Esca. Phytopathology 96:1060–1066
Pollastro S, Dongiovanni C, Abbatecola A, Faretra F (2000) Observations on the fungi associated with esca and on spatial distribution of esca symptomatic plants in Apulian (Italy) vineyards. Phytopathol Mediterr 39:206–210
Rego C, Oliveira H, Carvalho A, Phillips A (2000) Involvement of Phaeoacremonium spp. and Cylindrocarpon destructans with grapevine decline in Portugal. Phytopathol Mediterr 39:76–79
Retief E, McLeod A, Fourie PH (2006) Potential inoculums sources of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in South African grapevine nurseries. Eur J Plant Pathol 115:331–339
Ridgway HJ, Sleight BE, Stewart A (2002) Molecular evidence for the presence of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora in New Zealand nurseries, and its detection in rootstock mother-vines using species-specific PCR. Australas Plant Pathol 31:267–271
Rives L (1926) Contribution a l’étude de l’esca. Prog Agric Viticole 85:395–401
Romanazzi G, Murolo S, Pizzichini L, Nardi S (2009) Esca in young and mature vineyards, and molecular diagnosis of the associated fungi. Eur J Plant Pathol 125:277–290
Rumbos I, Rumbou A (2001) Fungi associated with esca and young grapevine decline in Greece. Phytopathol Mediterr 40:S330–335
Scheck H, Vasquez S, Fogle D, Gubler WD (1998) Grape growers report losses to black foot and grapevine decline. Calif Agric 52:19–23
Surico G, Marchi G, Braccini P, Mugnai L (2000) Epidemiology of esca in some vineyards in Tuscany (Italy). Phytopathol Mediterr 39:190–205
Surico G, Bandinelli R, Braccini P, Di Marco S, Marchi G, Mugnai L, Parrini C (2004) On the factors that may have influenced the esca epidemic in Tuscany in the eighties. Phytopathol Mediterr 43:136–143
Valtaud C, Thibault F, Larignon P, Bertsch C, Fleurat-Lessard P, Bourbouloux A (2011) Systemic damage in leaf metabolism caused by esca infection in grapevines. Aust J Grape Wine Res 17:101–110
Zanzotto A, Gardiman M, Lovat L (2008) Effect of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium sp. on in vitro grapevine plants. Sci Hortic 116:404–408
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr Settimio Virgili (ASSAM, Petritoli, Ascoli Piceno, Italy), Dr Pierluigi Biondini (Azienda Santa Casa di Loreto, Ancona, Italy) and Federico Patrizio, for technical assistance during the surveys.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Murolo, S., Romanazzi, G. Effects of grapevine cultivar, rootstock and clone on esca disease. Australasian Plant Pathol. 43, 215–221 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-014-0276-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-014-0276-9