Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of Cement–Sodium Silicate System Grout on Tropical Organic Soils

  • Research Article - Civil Engineering
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tropical organic soils, generally formed in a natural environment and accumulates wherever the conditions are suitable, that is, the area with excess rainfall and the ground is poorly drained, irrespective of latitude or altitude. These soils commonly occur as extremely soft, unconsolidated superficial deposits with very low shear strength. Cement, sometimes with other industrial binders, is widely used for the stabilization of these soils by deep mixing method. However, these soils lack a favorable structure for the chemical reactions, coupled with a high moisture content which is acidic in nature, the efficiency of the binders is low or making it an expensive option. This paper investigates the effect of different components of cement–sodium silicate grout system on the strength and moisture content of organic soils by carrying out vane shear test and scanning electron microscopy test on samples treated and cured for up to 90 days. The study showed that cement and sodium silicate (in specific ratios) were highly effective in improvement of the shear strength along with a reduction in the moisture content of the treated soil. Further, with an increase in calcium chloride concentration in the confection, the shear strength and moisture content were observed to vacillate. The organic content present in these soils was found to have an adverse effect on the stabilization process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. ASTM Standard: Annual Book of ASTM Standards. American Society for Testing and Materials Annual, Philadelphia 4(04.08) (2004)

  2. ISO International Organization for Standardization: Geotechnical Engineering Identification and Classification of Soil, Part 1: Identification and Description. Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 14688-1.2, pp. 6–11. ISO (2001)

  3. ISO International Organization for Standardization: Geotechnical Engineering Identification and Classi?cation of Soil, Part 2: Classification and Quantification. Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 14688-2, pp. 1–5. ISO (2001)

  4. Mesri G.: Coefficient of secondary compression. J. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. Div. 99(1), 123–137 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Edil, T.N.; den Haan, E.J.: Settlement of peats and organic soils. In: Proceedings of Settlement’94, vol. 2, pp. 1543–1572. ASCE, New York (1994)

  6. den Haan, E.J.; Kruse, G.A.M.: Characterisation and engineering properties of Dutch peats. In: Proceeding of the 2nd International Workshop on Characterisation and Engineering Properties of Natural Soils, Singapore, vol. 3, pp. 2101–2133 (2006)

  7. Santagata M., Bobet A., Johnsto C.T., Hwang J.: One-dimensional compression behavior of a soil with high organic matter content. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 134(1), 1–13 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Volarovich, M.P.; Churaev, N.V.: Application of the methods of physics and physical chemistry to the study of peat. In: Proceedings of the Transactions of 2nd International Peat Congress, Leningrad, vol. 2, pp. 819–31 (1968)

  9. Helmholtz H.: Studien fiber elektrische Grenschichten (Studies of electro-fiber at boundary layer). Ann. Phys. 7, 337 (1879)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Smoluchowski, V.M.: Handbuch der Elektrizität under Magnetismus II (Handbook of electricity and magnetism), vol. 2, pp. 366–428 (1921)

  11. Schulz K.F., Herak M.J.: The determination of the charge of some inorganic thorium complexes with the ion exchange method. Croatica Chem. Acta 29, 49–52 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Åhnberg, H.: Strength of Stabilized Soils: A laboratory study on clays and organic soils stabilized with different types of binder. Report 16. Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Center, Linköping, Sweden (2006)

  13. Janz, M.; Johansson, S.E.: The function of different binding agents in deep stabilization. Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre, Report 9, pp. 9–11 (2002)

  14. Axelsson, K.; Johansson, S.E.; Anderson, R.: Stabilization of organic soils by cement and pozzolanic reactions-feasibility study. Swedish deep stabilization Research Centre, Report 3, pp. 15–16 (2002)

  15. EuroSoilStab: Development of Design and Construction Methods to Stabilize Soft Organic Soils: Design Guide Soft Soil Stabilization, CT97-0351. Project No. BE 96-3177, Industrial & Materials Technologies Programme (Brite- EuRam III), European Commission, pp. 15–60 (2002)

  16. Carlsten, P.; Ekstrom, J.: Kalk-och Kalkcementpelare. Vägledning for Projektering, Utförande och Konroll, (Lime and lime-cement: Guide for projection, performance and process), SGF Rapport 4(95), Svenska Geotekniska Foreningen, Sweden (1995)

  17. Müller-Vonmoos, M.: Die Bedeutung der Tonminerale für das bodenmechanische Verhalten, Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Boden-und Felsmechanik, Studientag (The importance of clay minerals for the soil mechanical behavior. Communications of the Swiss Society for Soil and Rock Mechanics, Study), 4. November, Fribourg, Switzerland (1983)

  18. Clarke, W.: Performance characteristics of microfine cement. In: Proceedings of ASCE Geotechnical Conference, Atlanta, May, pp. 14–18 (1984)

  19. US Army Corps of Engineers: Chemical Grouting. USACE, Washington, DC, Manual No. 1110-1-3500 (1995)

  20. Shroff, A.V.; Shah, D.L.: Grouting Technology in Tunneling and Dam Construction. Balkema, Rotterdam (1999)

  21. British Standard Institution: Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes, vol. 1377, pp. 1–8. British Standard Institution, London, UK (1990)

  22. Huat, B.B.K.: Organic and Peat Soil Engineering. University Putra Malaysia Press, Serdang (2004)

  23. Rankine, B.; Indraratna, B.; Sivakugan, N.; Wijeyakulasuriya, V.; Rujikiatkamjorn, C.: Foundation behaviour below an embankment on soft soils. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering 161(GT5), pp. 259–267 (2008)

  24. Gillman G.P., Sumpter E.A.: Modification to compulsive exchange method for measuring exchange characteristics of soils. Aust. J. Soil Res. 24, 61–66 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Brunauer S., Emmett P.H., Teller E.: Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60, 309–319 (1938)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Freundlich, H.: Kapillarchemie (Chemistry of Capillary Water). Leipzig, Germany (1909)

  27. Kruyt H.R.: Colloid Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Adamson A.W.: Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. Wiley, New York (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kwak, J.C.T.; Ayub, A.L.; Sheppard, J.D.: The role of colloid science. In: Fuchsman C.H. (ed.) Peat Dewatering: Principle and Dewatering Studies, pp. 95–118. Elsevier, Essex (1985)

  30. Karol, R.H.: Chemical grouts and their properties. In: Baker, W.H. (ed.) Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 359–379. ASCE Publications, USA (1982)

  31. Yonekura R., Kaga M.: Current chemical grout engineering in Japan. Grouting, soil improvement and geosynthetics. ASCE Geotech. Specl. Publ. 30(1), 725–736 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Aborin, A.V.; Brykov, A.S.; Danilov, V.V.; Korneev, V.I.: Tsement i Ego Primenenie (Cement and its uses), vol. 3, pp. 40–42 (2001)

  33. Gleize, P.J.P.; Muller, A.; Roman, H.R.: Microstructural investigation of a silica fume-cement-lime mortar. In: Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 25, pp. 171–175 (2003)

  34. Diamond, S.: The microstructures of cement paste in concrete. In: Proceedings of the VIII Congress on Cement Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 122–147 (1986)

  35. Taylor, H.F.W.: Cement chemistry, 1st edn. Thomas Telford Publishing, London (1997)

  36. Malhotra V.M.; Mehta, P.K.: Advances in concrete technology, vol. 1. In: Pozzolanic and cementitious materials, 1st edn. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York (1996)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran

    Sina Kazemian

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Arun Prasad

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Bujang B. K. Huat

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malayer, Malayer, Iran

    Vahed Ghiasi

  5. Department of Civil Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

    Soheil Ghareh

Authors
  1. Sina Kazemian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arun Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bujang B. K. Huat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vahed Ghiasi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Soheil Ghareh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sina Kazemian.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kazemian, S., Prasad, A., Huat, B.B.K. et al. Effects of Cement–Sodium Silicate System Grout on Tropical Organic Soils. Arab J Sci Eng 37, 2137–2148 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0315-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0315-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation