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Responses of the phenolic compounds of Zea mays under heavy metal stress

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Abstract

Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses caused by physiological and biochemical changes. Plants have evolved various phytochemical defense mechanisms to cope with this abiotic stress conditions. Phenolic compounds are one of the stress responses and have multiple roles in respect to adaptation of plants to the environment. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the differential accumulation of various phenolics with HPLC in the leaves of corn exposed to increasing heavy metal doses in the plant growth medium. The application of Cd, Cu, and Pb increased the total phenolics in all treatments compared to control groups. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were the main phenolic compounds in respect to quantifying. However, the contents of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and vanillic acid were comparatively lower than chlorogenic acid and rutin in all samples. The content of chlorogenic acid significantly increased and rutin slightly increased in the treatment of the heavy metals. The levels of caffeic acid and ferulic acid significantly decreased in all exposures of heavy metals compared to control groups. The content of vanillic acid changed according to heavy metal types and doses in the leaves of corn, and the low doses of Pb and Cd increased the level of vanillic acid. We show that there is a positive correlation with the total phenolic content and chlorogenic acid when the corn is exposed to Pb. Moreover, there are negative correlations between total phenolic compound and caffeic acid, ferulic acid in the application of Cu and Cd.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are most grateful to the Plant Research Laboratory (BALAB) of Chemistry Department at the Gaziosmanpasa University, which provided us with the HPLC unit and had been accommodating us during our experimentation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250, Tokat, Turkey

    Dursun Kısa & Lokman Öztürk

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250, Tokat, Turkey

    Mahfuz Elmastaş

  3. Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250, Tokat, Turkey

    Ömer Kayır

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  1. Dursun Kısa
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  2. Mahfuz Elmastaş
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  3. Lokman Öztürk
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  4. Ömer Kayır
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Correspondence to Dursun Kısa.

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Kısa, D., Elmastaş, M., Öztürk, L. et al. Responses of the phenolic compounds of Zea mays under heavy metal stress. Appl Biol Chem 59, 813–820 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13765-016-0229-9

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