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Is There a Role for MDR1, EPHX1 and Protein Z Gene Variants in Modulation of Warfarin Dosage? A Study on a Cohort of the Egyptian Population

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Abstract

Background

There is considerable inter-individual variability in warfarin dosages necessary to achieve target therapeutic anticoagulation. Polymorphisms in genes, which master warfarin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, might influence warfarin dose variation. Genes encoding drug transporters, such as human multidrug resistance (MDR1), as well as epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPHX1), which is a putative subunit of the vitamin K epoxide reductase, and Protein Z (PZ), which is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein, are among those candidate genes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of MDR1 C3435T, EPHX1 H139R and PZ A-13G gene polymorphisms in warfarin dose variation in a cohort of the Egyptian population.

Methods

Eighty-four patients whose international normalized ratio (INR) was in the range of 2–3, 41 males and 43 females, with a mean (±SD) age of 40.9 (13.3) years were recruited into this study. MDR1 C3435T, EPHX1 H139R and PZ A-13G gene polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Primarily, linear regression analysis, including the variables age, gender, MDR1 C3435T, EPHX1 H139R and combined MDR1 C3435T, EPHX1 H139R and PZ A-13G genotypes, was used to assess the effective factors for warfarin maintenance dose. Secondly, the previously examined cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 A1075C and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) C1173T were added to the regression analysis.

Results

Warfarin dose/week was not influenced by each of the MDR1 C3435T, EPHX1 H139R, and PZ A-13G gene polymorphisms when examined separately. However, when these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were combined, MDR1 TT/EPHX1 RH,RR/PZ AA subjects showed statistically significant increase in warfarin dose/week when compared with MDR1 CC/EPHX1 RH,RR/PZ AA subjects [median (25th–75th percentiles): 49.0 (42.0–59.5) vs. 35.0 (24.5–42.0) mg/week, respectively] (p = 0.014). In contrast, in the presence of wild-type EPHX1 HH, there was a decrease in warfarin dose/week in MDR1 TT subjects when compared with CT and CC subjects [median (25th–75th percentiles): 22.0 (17.5–30.6), 42.0 (35.0–49.0) and 42.0 (28.0–54.3) mg/week, respectively] (p = 0.005 and 0.030, respectively). Age had a significant contribution (p = 0.048) to the overall variability in warfarin dose. Calculated weekly dose = 52.928 − (0.289 × age) + (9.709 × combined genotype). The multivariate linear regression equation of warfarin maintenance dose accounted for about 8 % of variation in dose (R 2 = 0.079), age accounted for 5 % of variation, while combined genotypes added the extra 3 %. However, the new regression equation accounted for 20.9 % of variation in dose. Age accounted for 5 %, while VKORC1 C1173T accounted for an extra 13 % of variation and MDR1 C3435T accounted for the remaining 3 % of variation. Calculated dose = 64.909 − (0.282 × age) − (13.390 × VKORC1) − (7.164 × MDR1). Correlation analysis showed a close and significant relationship between the calculated and actual warfarin dose (r = 0.457; p < 0.0005).

Conclusion

Warfarin dose/week was significantly influenced by the combined MDR1 C3435T and EPHX1 H139R gene polymorphism since no polymorphism of PZ A-13G SNP was detected in our studied Egyptian population. Future studies with larger sample size will be needed to confirm our findings before definitive conclusions can be made.

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Acknowledgements and Disclosures

The preparation of this article was not supported by any external funding. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, El Saray St, El Manial, 11956, Cairo, Egypt

    Marianne Samir Makboul Issac

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Maggie S. El-Nahid

  3. Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Marian Youssry Wissa

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  1. Marianne Samir Makboul Issac
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  2. Maggie S. El-Nahid
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Correspondence to Marianne Samir Makboul Issac.

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Issac, M.S.M., El-Nahid, M.S. & Wissa, M.Y. Is There a Role for MDR1, EPHX1 and Protein Z Gene Variants in Modulation of Warfarin Dosage? A Study on a Cohort of the Egyptian Population. Mol Diagn Ther 18, 73–83 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-013-0055-2

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