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Numerical modelling of granular flows: a reality check

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Abstract

Discrete particle simulations provide a powerful tool for the advancement of our understanding of granular media, and the development and refinement of the multitudinous techniques used to handle and process these ubiquitous materials. However, in order to ensure that this tool can be successfully utilised in a meaningful and reliable manner, it is of paramount importance that we fully understand the degree to which numerical models can be trusted to accurately and quantitatively recreate and predict the behaviours of the real-world systems they are designed to emulate. Due to the complexity and diverse variety of physical states and dynamical behaviours exhibited by granular media, a simulation algorithm capable of closely reproducing the behaviours of a given system may be entirely unsuitable for other systems with different physical properties, or even similar systems exposed to differing control parameters. In this paper, we focus on two widely used forms of granular flow, for which discrete particle simulations are shown to provide a full, quantitative replication of the behaviours of real industrial and experimental systems. We identify also situations for which quantitative agreement may fail are identified, but important general, qualitative trends are still recreated, as well as cases for which computational models are entirely unsuitable. By assembling this information into a single document, we hope not only to provide researchers with a useful point of reference when designing and executing future studies, but also to equip those involved in the design of simulation algorithms with a clear picture of the current strengths and shortcomings of contemporary models, and hence an improved knowledge of the most valuable areas on which to focus their work.

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Notes

  1. Note that particles are geometrically still rigid. However, deformations are taken into account in force models.

  2. Central processing unit

  3. Graphics processing unit

  4. On a different note, in molecular dynamics, the same term coarse graining is used when a system is represented by a reduced (in comparison with an all-atom description) number of degrees of freedom. Due to the reduction in the degrees of freedom and elimination of fine interaction details, the simulation of a coarse-grained (CG) system requires less resources and goes faster than that for the same system in all-atom representation. As a result, an increase of orders of magnitude in the simulated time and length scales can be achieved.

  5. These continuum formulations can also be used to model industrial flows.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the late Dr. Michael Hawkesworth who, through the provision of the Hawkesworth Scholarship, facilitated the use of positron emission particle tracking to produce experimental results presented in this work. Furthermore, the authors would also like to acknowledge the Dutch technology foundation STW for their financial support. Additionally, we thank Anthony Thornton and Thomas Weinhart for their fruitful inputs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK

    C. R. K. Windows-Yule & D. J. Parker

  2. Multi-Scale Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics of Computational Science, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500, Enschede, The Netherlands

    D. R. Tunuguntla

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  1. C. R. K. Windows-Yule
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  2. D. R. Tunuguntla
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  3. D. J. Parker
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Correspondence to C. R. K. Windows-Yule.

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Windows-Yule, C.R.K., Tunuguntla, D.R. & Parker, D.J. Numerical modelling of granular flows: a reality check. Comp. Part. Mech. 3, 311–332 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40571-015-0083-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40571-015-0083-2

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