Abstract
The future power system must provide electricity that is reliable and affordable. To meet this goal, both the electricity grid and the existing control system must become smarter. In this paper, some of the major issues and challenges of smart grid’s development are discussed, and ongoing and future trends are presented with the aim to provide a reader with an insight on the relevant research topics, challenges and actual engineering tasks in smart grids. The focus areas of this review study are distributed generation, microgrids, smart meters’ deployment, energy storage technologies, and the role of smart loads in primary frequency response provision. The exploration of smart grid technologies and distributed generation systems has been accomplished, and a general comparison of the conventional grid and a future smart model is included. The issue of increasing penetration of renewable energy sources to the power system and posers related to the integration of distributed generation are also presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhtar Z, Chaudhuri B, Ron Hui SY (2015) Primary frequency control contribution from smart loads using reactive compensation. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(5):2356–2365. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2015.2402637
Akinyele D, Belikov J, Levron Y (2017) Battery storage technologies for electrical applications: impact in stand-alone photovoltaic systems. Energies 10(11):1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111760
Ali A, Li W, Hussain R et al (2017) Overview of current microgrid policies, incentives and barriers in the European Union, United States and China. Sustain 9(7):1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071146
Berckmans G, Messagie M, Smekens J et al (2017) Cost projection of state of the art lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles up to 2030. Energies 10(9):1314. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091314
Bui DM, Lien KY, Chen SL et al (2015) Investigate dynamic and transient characteristics of microgrid operation and develop a fast-scalable-adaptable algorithm for fault protection system. Electr Power Syst Res 120:214–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2014.04.003
Clayton A, Wehrmeyer W, Bruce A (2016) Guide towards a sustainable energy future for the Americas. IANAS-IAP, Mexico
Colak I, Sagiroglu S, Fulli G et al (2016) A survey on the critical issues in smart grid technologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 54:396–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.036
Cui LB, Fan Y, Zhu L, Bi QH (2014) How will the emissions trading scheme save cost for achieving China’s 2020 carbon intensity reduction target? Appl Energy 136:1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.05.021
Depuru SSSR, Wang L, Devabhaktuni V (2011) Smart meters for power grid: challenges, issues, advantages and status. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(6):2736–2742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.039
Di Chakravorty, Chaudhuri B, Hui SYR (2017) Rapid frequency response from smart loads in Great Britain Power system. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 8:2160–2169. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2517409
Diahovchenko I, Kandaperumal G, Srivastava AK (2019) Distribution power system resiliency improvement using distributed generation and automated switching. In: 2019 IEEE 6th international conference on energy smart systems, IEEE ESS 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1109/ess.2019.8764185
Diahovchenko I, Volokhin V, Kurochkina V et al (2019b) Effect of harmonic distortion on electric energy meters of different metrological principles. Front Energy 13:377–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-018-0571-1
Diahovchenko I, Mykhailyshyn R, Danylchenko D, Shevchenko S (2019c) Rogowsky coil applications for power measurement under non-sinusoidal field conditions. Energetika 65(1):14–20. https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v65i1.3972
Do Amarai HLM, De Souza AN, Gastaldello DS, et al (2014) Smart meters as a tool for energy efficiency. In: 2014 11th IEEE/IAS international conference on industry applications, IEEE INDUSCON 2014 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDUSCON.2014.7059413
Eibl G, Engel D (2015) Influence of data granularity on smart meter privacy. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 6(2):930–939. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2376613
Ekanayake J, Liyanage K, Wu J et al (2012) Smart grid: technology and applications. Wiley, London
Ellabban O, Abu-Rub H, Blaabjerg F (2014) Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 39:748–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.113
Energy prices and costs in Europe (2019) Report from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Committee of the Regions and the European Economic and Social Committee, Brussels
European Comission (2015) Low carbon technologies. In: Climate action, Brussels
Ferreira HL, Garde R, Fulli G et al (2013) Characterisation of electrical energy storage technologies. Energy 53:288–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.037
Gangale F, Vasiljevska J, Covrig CF, et al (2017) Smart grid projects outlook 2017 facts, figures and trends in Europe. Publications Office of the European Union
Habib S, Kamran M, Rashid U (2015) Impact analysis of vehicle-to-grid technology and charging strategies of electric vehicles on distribution networks: a review. J Power Sources 277:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.020
Hansen K, Mathiesen BV, Skov IR (2018) Full energy system transition towards 100% renewable energy in Germany in 2050. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 102:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.038
Hossain MS, Madlool NA, Rahim NA et al (2016) Role of smart grid in renewable energy: An overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 60:1168–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.098
Hui SY, Lee CK, Wu FF (2012) Electric springs: a new smart grid technology. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 3:1552–1561. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2012.2200701
IEA (2011) Technology roadmap: smart grids. International Energy Agency, Paris
IEEE Standard Association (2018) IEEE Std. 1547-2018. Standard for interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources with associated electric power systems interfaces
International Energy Agency (2016) Energy and air pollution. World Energy Outlook. Spec Rep. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00256a010
International Energy Agency (2018) Global energy and CO2 status report
Join Research Centre Science and Knowledge Service (2018) Annual 2017 report. Publications Office of the European Union
Kabalci Y (2016) A survey on smart metering and smart grid communication. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 57:302–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.114
Kuzlu M, Pipattanasomporn M, Rahman S (2014) Communication network requirements for major smart grid applications in HAN, NAN and WAN. Comput Netw 67:74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.03.029
Leiva J, Palacios A, Aguado JA (2016) Smart metering trends, implications and necessities: a policy review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 55:227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.002
Lopes JAP, Soares FJ, Almeida PMR (2011) Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system. Proc IEEE 99(1):168–183. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2010.2066250
Lujano-Rojas JM, Osório GJ, Matias JCO, Catalão JPS (2016) A heuristic methodology to economic dispatch problem incorporating renewable power forecasting error and system reliability. Renew Energy 87:731–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.11.011
Mahmood A, Javaid N, Razzaq S (2015) A review of wireless communications for smart grid. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 41:248–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.036
Markovic D, Branovic I, Popovic R (2015) Smart grid and nanotechnologies: a solution for clean and sustainable energy. Energy Emiss Control Technol 3:1–13. https://doi.org/10.2147/eect.s48124
McKenna E, Richardson I, Thomson M (2012) Smart meter data: balancing consumer privacy concerns with legitimate applications. Energy Policy 41:807–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.049
Mithulananthan N, Kumar Saha T, Chidurala A (2016) Harmonic impact of high penetration photovoltaic system on unbalanced distribution networks: learning from an urban photovoltaic network. IET Renew Power Gener 10(4):485–494. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0188
Mohan V, Suresh R, Singh JG et al (2017) Microgrid energy management combining sensitivities, interval and probabilistic uncertainties of renewable generation and loads. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Circuits Syst 7(2):262–270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JETCAS.2017.2679030
Momoh J (2012) Smart grid: fundamentals of design and analysis. Wiley, Hoboken
Moon HJ, Chang JW, Lee SY, Il Moon S (2018) Autonomous active power management in isolated microgrid based on proportional and droop control. Energy Procedia 153:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.055
Morva G, Volokhin V, Diahovchenko I, Čonka Z (2017) Analysis of the impact of nonlinear distortion in voltage and current curves on the errors of electric energy metering devices. In: 2017 IEEE 1st Ukraine conference on electrical and computer engineering, UKRCON 2017, 528–533. https://doi.org/10.1109/UKRCON.2017.8100296
Nykvist B, Nilsson M (2015) Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles. Nat Clim Change 5:329–332. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2564
Olivier JGJ, Janssens-Maenhout G, Muntean M, Peters JAHW (2016) Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2016 report. PBL Netherlands Environironmental Assessment Agency
Ozdemir E, Ozdemir S, Erhan K, Aktas A (2016) Energy storage technologies opportunities and challenges in smart grids. In: 2016 3rd international smart grid workshop and certificate program, 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGWCP.2016.7548263
Parisio A, Rikos E, Glielmo L (2014) A model predictive control approach to microgrid operation optimization. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 22(5):1813–1827. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2013.2295737
Patrao I, Figueres E, Garcerá G, González-Medina R (2015) Microgrid architectures for low voltage distributed generation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 43:415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.054
Platt G, Berry A, Cornforth DJ (2012) What role for microgrids? In: Smart grid, pp 185–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386452-9.00008-5
Ponce-Jara MA, Ruiz E, Gil R et al (2017) Smart grid: assessment of the past and present in developed and developing countries. Energy Strateg Rev 18:38–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.09.011
Pradana YS, Fauzi A, Pratama SH, Sudibyo H (2018) Simulation of biodiesel production using hydro-esterification process from wet microalgae. In: MATEC Web of conferences 154, 01007. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815401007
Pratt RG, Balducci PJ, Gerkensmeyer C, Katipamula S, Kintner-Meyer MCW, Sanquist TF, Schneider KP, Secrest T (2010). The smart grid: an estimation of the energy and CO2 benefits. U.S. Department of Energy. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
Programme IEAD-SM (2014) Integration of demand side management, distributed generation, renewable energy sources and energy storages. State art Rep
Rogelj J, Nabel J, Chen C et al (2010) Copenhagen accord pledges are paltry. Nature 464:1126–1128. https://doi.org/10.1038/4641126a
Ross Morrow W, Gallagher KS, Collantes G, Lee H (2010) Analysis of policies to reduce oil consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions from the US transportation sector. Energy Policy 38(3):1305–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.006
Schmidt E (2019) The impact of growing electric vehicle adoption on electric utility grids. In: Electric utilities. https://www.fleetcarma.com/impact-growing-electric-vehicle-adoption-electric-utility-grids/. Accessed 4 Oct 2019
Shafiee Q, Stefanovic C, Dragicevic T et al (2014) Robust networked control scheme for distributed secondary control of islanded microgrids. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 61(10):5353–5374. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2013.2293711
Shevchenko SY, Volokhin VV, Diahovchenko IM (2017) Power quality issues in smart grids with photovoltaic power stations. Energetika 63(4):146–153. https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v63i4.3623
Shi L, Wang C, Yao L et al (2012) Optimal power flow solution incorporating wind power. IEEE Syst J 6(2):233–241. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2011.2162896
Shuai Z, Sun Y, Shen ZJ et al (2016) Microgrid stability: classification and a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.201
Simpson-Porco JW, Shafiee Q, Dorfler F et al (2015) Secondary frequency and voltage control of islanded microgrids via distributed averaging. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 62(11):7025–7038. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2015.2436879
Sitharthan R, Geethanjali M, Karpaga Senthil Pandy T (2016) Adaptive protection scheme for smart microgrid with electronically coupled distributed generations. Alexandria Eng J 55(3):2539–2550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.06.025
Sørensen B (2011) Renewable energy, 4th edn. Academic Press, London
Soshinskaya M, Crijns-Graus WHJ, Guerrero JM, Vasquez JC (2014) Microgrids: experiences, barriers and success factors. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 40:659–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.198
Strasser T, Andrén F, Merdan M, Prostejovsky A (2013) Review of trends and challenges in smart grids: an automation point of view. In: Industrial applications of holonic and multi-agent systems 6th international conference HoloMAS 2013, Prague, Czech Republic, August 26–28, 2013 Proc 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40090-2_1
Tleis ND (2008) Power systems modelling and fault analysis
U.S. Department of Energy (2015) An assessment of energy technologies and research opportunities. Quadrenn Technol Rev
Vaccaro A, Canizares CA (2017) An affine arithmetic-based framework for uncertain power flow and optimal power flow studies. IEEE Trans Power Syst 32(1):274–288. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2565563
Verbic G, Claudio A, Canizares A (2006) Probabilistic optimal power flow in electricity markets based on a two point estimate method. IEEE Trans Power Syst 21(4):1883–1893. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.881146
Volokhin VV, Diahovchenko IM (2016) The use of nanocrystalline and amorphous materials for electric energy metering improvement and reducing the effects of external magnetic fields. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference nanomaterials: applications and properties, NAP 2016 02NEA03-1–02NEA03-3. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAP.2016.7757298
Volokhin V, Diahovchenko I (2017) Peculiarities of current sensors used in contemporary electric energy metering devices. Energetika 63(1):8–15. https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v63i1.3504
Volokhin VV, Diahovchenko IM, Derevyanko BV (2017) Electric energy accounting and power quality in electric networks with photovoltaic power stations. In: 2017 IEEE international young scientists forum on applied physics and engineering, YSF 2017, 36–39. https://doi.org/10.1109/YSF.2017.8126588
Volokhin V, Diahovchenko I, Kurochkina V, Kanálik M (2017b) The influence of nonsinusoidal supply voltage on the amount of power consumption and electricity meter readings. Energetika 63(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.6001/energetika.v63i1.3503
Volokhin VV, Diahovchenko IM, Derevyanko BV (2017) Prospects of nanomaterials use in current and voltage hall sensors to improve the measurements accuracy and reduce the external impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 7th international conference on nanomaterials: applications and properties, NAP 2017 03NE08-1–03NE08-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAP.2017.8190239
White CD, Zhang KM (2011) Using vehicle-to-grid technology for frequency regulation and peak-load reduction. J Power Sources 196(8):3972–3980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.010
Yan Q, Kezunovic M (2012) Impact analysis of electric vehicle charging on distribution system. In: 2012 North American power symposium, NAPS 2012 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS.2012.6336413
Yoldaş Y, Onen A, Muyeen SM et al (2017) Enhancing smart grid with microgrids: challenges and opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 72:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.064
Yong JY, Ramachandaramurthy VK, Tan KM, Mithulananthan N (2015) A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49:365–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.130
Zhang K, Xu L, Ouyang M et al (2014) Optimal decentralized valley-filling charging strategy for electric vehicles. Energy Convers Manag 78:537–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.11.011
Zheng J, Gao DW, Lin L (2013) Smart meters in smart grid: an overview. In: IEEE green technologies conference, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1109/GreenTech.2013.17
Zhou S, Brown MA (2017) Smart meter deployment in Europe: a comparative case study on the impacts of national policy schemes. J Clean Prod 144:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.031
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences by the projects VEGA No. 1/0372/18.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Diahovchenko, I., Kolcun, M., Čonka, Z. et al. Progress and Challenges in Smart Grids: Distributed Generation, Smart Metering, Energy Storage and Smart Loads. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Electr Eng 44, 1319–1333 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-020-00322-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40998-020-00322-8