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Experimental Study of Pressure Fluctuation in Stilling Basins

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Abstract

Stilling basins dissipate energy to form hydraulic jumps and rotational flows. Hydraulic jump and rotational current phenomenon produce pressure fluctuation at the bottom of stilling basins. In the present study, pressure fluctuations and their locations have been studied in a physical model of Namrod Dam. Results showed that fluctuations in presence of jump in the basin are high and, therefore, the fluctuation factors are, respectively, high. In positive pressure coefficient (C + P ), it is evident that when a jump is present, the turbulence and disturbance factors increase and, therefore, the pressure fluctuations go up, respectively. In negative pressure coefficients (C − P ), as is expected from positive pressure coefficients, the maximum pressure fluctuations occurred at Q/Q max = 0.47 with regard to forming a complete hydraulic jump at this discharge. Regarding available empirical equations, the thickness of slab for different hydraulic conditions was calculated and compared in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) conditions. By analyzing collected data, it was observed that, results of 1D were underestimated in comparison to 2D calculations. Concrete slab thickness could be observed that fluctuations have significant effect on thicknesses. However, such calculations can provide designers with general ideas on how to better understand the conditions.

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Abbreviations

B :

Width of stilling basin

C:

Center

C P ′:

The dimensionless RMS of the pressure fluctuations

C + P :

Positive pressure coefficient

C − P :

Negative pressure coefficient

Fr1 :

Froude Number

g :

Acceleration of gravity

L :

Left

L j :

Length of hydraulic jump for horizontal stilling basins

N :

Total number of time intervals

P :

Pressure at given time interval

\( \bar{P}_{ - } \) :

Mean pressure

\( P_{\hbox{max} }^{ + } \) :

Maximum positive pressure

\( P_{\hbox{max} }^{ - } \) :

Maximum negative pressure

Q :

Discharge

Q max :

Maximum discharge

R :

Right

S :

Slab thickness without reinforcement

S 1 :

One-dimensional slab thickness without reinforcement

V 1 :

Mean velocity of flow entering stilling basin

V i :

Inflow velocity

X :

Distance from start of stilling basin along a longitudinal direction

Y :

Distance from start of stilling basin along a cross section

y 1 :

Primary depth

y 2 :

Secondary depth

y 2/y 1 :

Conjugate depths in hydraulic jump

\( \Delta P_{\hbox{max} }^{ + } \) :

Maximum positive pressure deviation from the mean

\( \Delta P_{\hbox{max} }^{ - } \) :

Maximum negative pressure deviation from the mean

Σ:

Standard deviation or RMS

Α :

A function of the velocity

Ω :

Dimensionless reduction factor in Eq. 9

γ w :

Specific weight of water

γ c :

Specific weight of concrete

−:

Average value

′:

Fluctuation

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Water Research Institute (WRI), Tehran, Iran, for their support and assistance with this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Water Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Fatemeh Kazemi & Saeed Reza Khodashenas

  2. Civil Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

    Hamed Sarkardeh

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  1. Fatemeh Kazemi
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  2. Saeed Reza Khodashenas
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Correspondence to Saeed Reza Khodashenas.

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Kazemi, F., Khodashenas, S.R. & Sarkardeh, H. Experimental Study of Pressure Fluctuation in Stilling Basins. Int. J. Civ. Eng. 14, 13–21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0008-3

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