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Comparing the Scour Upstream of Circular and Square Orifices

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Abstract

Scour pattern upstream of square and circular orifices with equal opening areas of 38.45 cm2 are compared experimentally. A total of 16 tests for four constant heads, two initial conditions of fixed bed versus mobile bed and two non-cohesive sediments used as the bed layer are performed. The bed profile is surveyed by an acoustic bed profiler and the velocity distribution is measured using an ADV instrument. In the fixed-bed tests the thickness of sediment layer below the orifices’ invert is 2 mm and the observations show that the influence zone, which is the zone exposed to excess shear stress in which particles are removed, is elliptically shaped in both orifices with larger ellipse radius in transverse direction. The influence zone area upstream of square orifice is 1.46 times larger than the circular orifice. Observations of the mobile-bed tests indicate that the geometrical scour parameters, namely maximum depth of scour, length and width of the scour hole increase with the head of water upstream of both orifices. It is also found that the maximum scour depth upstream of square orifice is approximately two times deeper than that of circular orifice. Meanwhile, scour length and width, upstream of square orifice are, respectively, 10–15 and 20–33% larger than those of circular orifice. Finally, the measurements of the longitudinal velocity profiles along the centrelines of the orifices for both orifices are performed. The results indicate the existence of three separate zones of velocity distribution upstream of the orifices.

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Abbreviations

D :

Scour depth (m)

d cl :

Scour depth along centreline (m)

d s :

Sediment size (m)

D m :

Maximum scour depth along centreline (m)

d 0 :

Orifice diameter in circular orifices and length of the side of the square orifice (m)

g :

Gravitational acceleration (ms−2)

G :

Sedimentation parameter

H 0 :

Head of water upstream of the orifice

L :

The axial scour length upstream of the orifice (m)

L g :

Any geometrical length scale related to the scour hole (m)

U co :

Longitudinal velocity along orifice centreline (ms− 1)

U o :

Velocity through the orifice (ms− 1)

W :

Half-scour width upstream of orifice (m)

W m :

Maximum half-width of the scoured zone (m)

x, y, z :

Cartesian coordinates (m)

ρ :

Density of fluid

ρ s :

Density of sediments

\(\gamma _{s}^{\prime }\) :

Submerged specific weight of the particle

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Ashrafi Esfahani St., Imam Hassan BLV, Tehran, Iran

    Hooman Hajikandi, Hassan Vosoughi & Saeed Jamali

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  1. Hooman Hajikandi
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  2. Hassan Vosoughi
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  3. Saeed Jamali
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Correspondence to Hooman Hajikandi.

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Hajikandi, H., Vosoughi, H. & Jamali, S. Comparing the Scour Upstream of Circular and Square Orifices. Int J Civ Eng 16, 1145–1156 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0269-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0269-5

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