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Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton process: an innovative approach

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Abstract

With indiscriminate use and disposal, antibiotics enter the water bodies and thus are categorized as emerging pollutants. We report the studies on the degradation of norfloxacin, a well-known antibiotic, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) by heterogeneous Fenton process in the presence of sunlight. We fabricated ZnO nanoparticles by hydrothermal method. The geometry of norfloxacin was optimized using Hartree–Fock density functional theory. We used UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques to determine various crystal properties, i.e., structure, morphology, size and shape of the ZnO nanoparticles. However, we evaluated the crystal size, particle size and their distribution employing Debye–Scherrer equation and ImageJ processing. The catalytic efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles was assessed by the abatement of norfloxacin at pH 10. The activity and stability of used ZnO catalyst for norfloxacin degradation were established. The recovered catalyst is reusable up to six times without activity loss. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of various intermediates. A probable reaction mechanism for degradation of norfloxacin is proposed. The ZnO-catalyzed heterogeneous Fenton process proves to be the ideal approach for the degradation of antibiotics in wastewater.

Graphical abstract

Herein, we report that generation of hydroxyl radical by the action of sunlight along with ZnO nanoparticles from hydrogen peroxide effectively degrades norfloxacin. Its structure has been optimized by density functional theory using Gauss view computational software. ZnO nanoparticles have been characterized by various techniques, e.g., XRD, SEM, TEM, etc. Various intermediate products have been recognized by LCMS analysis.

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Bhawana Jain (Post-Doctoral Fellow, No. F.15-1/2013-14/PDFWM-2013-14-GE-CHH-18784(SA-II)) is thankful to UGC, Delhi, India, for research project grants. This work was also supported by DST-FIST sponsored instruments available in Govt. V.Y.T. PG. Auto. College, Durg (C.G.). Authors would also like to thank the Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Centre, Kochi University, and Central Drug Research Institute, CDRI, Lucknow, India, for XRD, SEM, TEM and LCMS analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous, College, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 491001, India

    Bhawana Jain, Ajaya K. Singh & Swati Banchhor

  2. School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

    Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan

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  1. Bhawana Jain
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Jain, B., Singh, A.K., Banchhor, S. et al. Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by heterogeneous Fenton process: an innovative approach. Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. 5, 13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-020-00075-z

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