Abstract
The neutral particle analyzer (NPA) is one of the crucial diagnostic devices in a Tokamak facility. The stripping unit is one of the main parts of the NPA. A windowless gas-stripping room with two differential pipes has been constructed in a parallel electric and magnetic fields (E//B) NPA. The pressure distributions in the stripping chamber are simulated by ANSYS Fluent together with MolFlow+. Based on the pressure distributions obtained from the simulation, the stripping efficiency of the E//B NPA is studied using GEANT4. Hadron reaction physics is modified to track the charge state of each particle in a cross-section-based method in GEANT4. The transmission rates (R) and stripping efficiencies \(f_{+1}\) are examined for particle energies ranging from 20 to 200 keV with the input pressure (\(P_0\)), ranging from 20 to 400 Pa. According to the combined global efficiency, \(R \times f_{+1}\), \(P_0\) = 240 Pa is obtained as the optimum pressure for the maximum global efficiency in the incident energy range investigated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ITER. https://www.iter.org/
S.S. Medley, A.L. Roquemore, Construction and operation of parallel electric and magnetic field spectrometers for mass/energy resolved multi-ion charge exchange diagnostics on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 2651 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1148994
F.V. Chernyshev, V.I. Afanasyev, A.V. Dech et al., A compact neutral-particle analyzer for plasma diagnostics. Instrum. Exp. Tech. 47, 214 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:INET.0000025204.01783.1a
S.Y. Petrov, V.I. Afanasyev, A.D. Melnik et al., Design features of the neutral particle diagnostic system for the ITER tokamak. Phys. At. Nucl. 80, 1268 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778817070109
M. Isobe, M. Sasao, Charge exchange neutral particle analysis with natural diamond detectors on LHD heliotron. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 611 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1318250
V.A. Krasilnikov, A.V. Krasil’nikov, D.A. Skopintsev et al., A diamond-detector-based system for spectrometry of fast atoms on the JET tokamak. Instrum. Exp. Tech. 51, 258–262 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020441208020188
G. Bracco, G. Betello, S. Mantovani et al., Design and calibration of the JET time of flight neutral particle analyzer with high noise rejection capability. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 5685 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1143350
D. Liu, W.W. Heidbrink, K. Tritz et al., Compact and multi-view solid state neutral particle analyzer arrays on National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 11D803 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959798
V.I. Afanasyev, A. Gondhalekar, PYu. Babenko et al., Neutral particle analyzer/isotope separator for measurement of hydrogen isotope composition of JET plasmas. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 2338 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1542664
V.I. Afanasyev, F.V. Chernyshev, A.I. Kislyakov et al., Neutral particle analysis on ITER: present status and prospects. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 621, 456 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.201
J.Z. Zhang, Y.B. Zhu, J.L. Zhao et al., First results from solid state neutral particle analyzer on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 11D834 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4962063
W. Li, Z.W. Xia, J. Lu et al., A new neutral particle analyzer diagnostic and its first commissioning on HL-2A. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 10D702 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4729494
R. Bartiromo, G. Bracco, M. Brusati et al., Design and calibration of the JET neutral particle analyzer. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 58, 788 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1139634
W. Chen, Z.X. Wang, Energetic particles in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas. Chin. Phys. Lett. 37, 125001 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/37/12/125001
L. Chen, F. Zonca, Physics of Alfvén waves and energetic particles in burning plasmas. Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 015008 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.88.015008
P.W. Shi, W. Chen, X.R. Duan, Energetic particle physics on the HL-2A tokamak: a review. Chin. Phys. Lett. 38, 035202 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/38/3/035202
Y. Chen, W.L. Zhang, J. Bao et al., Verification of energetic-particle-induced geodesic acoustic mode in gyrokinetic particle simulations. Chin. Phys. Lett. 37, 095201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/37/9/095201
B. Madsen, J. Huang, M. Salewski et al., Fast-ion velocity-space tomography using slowing-down regularization in EAST plasmas with co- and counter-current neutral beam injection. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 62, 115019 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abb79b
N.N. Gorelenkov, D. Pinches, K. Toi et al., Energetic particle physics in fusion research in preparation for burning plasma experiments. Nucl. Fusion 54, 125001 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/54/12/125001
X.T. Ding, W. Chen, Review of the experiments for energetic particle physics on HL-2A. Plasma Sci. Technol. 20, 094008 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/aad27a
S.Z. Wei, Y.H. Wang, P.W. Shi et al., Nonlinear coupling of reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode and toroidal Alfvén eigenmode during current ramp. Chin. Phys. Lett. 38, 035201 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/38/3/035201
J.Q. Xu, X.D. Peng, H.P. Qu et al., Stabilization of short wavelength resistive ballooning modes by ion-to-electron temperature and gradient ratios in tokamak edge plasmas. Chin. Phys. Lett. 37, 062801 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/37/6/062801
B.N. Wan and EAST team, A new path to improve high \(\beta _\text{ p }\) plasma performance on EAST for steady-state tokamak fusion reactor. Chin. Phys. Lett. 37, 045202 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/37/4/045202
B.W. Zheng, C.Y. Jiang, Z.H. Liu et al., Correction and verification of HL-2A Tokamak Bonner sphere spectrometer in monoenergetic neutron fields from 100 keV to 5 MeV. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 30, 159 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0689-9
S.B. Shu, C.M. Yu, C. Liu et al., Improved plasma position detection method in EAST Tokamak using fast CCD camera. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 30, 24 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0549-7
Z.X. Cui, X. Li, S.B. Shu et al., Calculation of the heat flux in the lower divertor target plate using an infrared camera diagnostic system on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 30, 94 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0625-z
L. Zang, Y.F. Qu, W.P. Lin et al., Design of the electromagnetic field for an E//B neutral particle analyzer. Plasma Fusion Res. 15, 2402036 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1585/pfr.15.2402036
ANSYS. https://www.ansys.com/
B. Mohamedi, S. Hanini, A. Ararem et al., Simulation of nucleate boiling under ANSYS-FLUENT code by using RPI model coupling with artificial neural networks. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 26, 040601 (2015). https://doi.org/10.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.26.04060110.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.26.040601
M. Ady, R. Kersevan, Introduction to the latest version of the test-particle Monte Carlo code molflow+, in Proceeding of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., Dresden, Germany, June 2014, pp. 2348-2350. https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-TUPMP037
S. Agostinelli, J. Allison, K. Amako et al., Geant4-a simulation toolkit. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 506, 250 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8
J. Allison, K. Amako, J. Apostolakis et al., Recent developments in Geant4. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 835, 186 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.125
D. Da, The Vacuum Design Manuals, 3rd edn. (National Defence Industry Press, Beijing, 2004), p. 7
S. Zhang, W. Lin, M.R.D. Rodrigues et al., Average neutron detection efficiency for DEMON detectors. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 709, 68 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.039
F. Fen, W.P. Lin, X.Q. Liu et al., A module test of CCDA: an array to select the centrality of collisions in heavy ion collisions. Chin. Phys. Lett. 31, 082502 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307X/31/8/082502
P. Dondero, A. Mantero, V. Ivanchencko et al., Electron backscattering simulation in Geant4. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 425, 18 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2018.03.037
B. Zheng, W. Zhang, T. Wu et al., Development of the real-time double-ring fusion neutron time-of-flight spectrometer system at HL-2M. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 30, 175 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0702-3
H. Dong, D. Fang, C. Li, Study on the performance of a large-size CsI detector for high energy \(\gamma \)-rays. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 29, 7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-017-0345-1
S. Incerti, V. Ivanchenko, M. Novak et al., Recent progress of Geant4 electromagnetic physics for calorimeter simulation. J. Inst. 13, C02054 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/02/C02054
J.P. Wellisch, Hadronic shower models in Geant4—the frameworks. Comput. Phys. Commun. 140, 65 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-4655(01)00256-9
R.A. Weller, M.H. Mendenhall, D.M. Fleetwood, A screened Coulomb scattering module for displacement damage computations in Geant4. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51, 3669 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2004.839643
M.H. Mendenhall, R.A. Weller, An algorithm for computing screened Coulomb scattering in Geant4. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 227, 420 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.08.014
R.O. Simmons, R.W. Balluffi, X-ray study of deuteron-irradiated copper near \(10^{\circ }\text{ K }\). Phys. Rev. 109, 355 (1958). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.109.355
R. Curran, T.M. Donahue, Electron capture and loss by hydrogen atoms in molecular hydrogen. Phys. Rev. 118, 1233 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.118.1233
M.W. Gealy, B. Van Zyl, Cross sections for electron capture and loss. I. \({\rm H}^{+}\) and \({\rm H}^{-}\) impact on H and \({\rm H}_{2}\). Phys. Rev. A 36, 3091 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.36.3091
M.W. Gealy, B. Van Zyl, Cross sections for electron capture and loss. II. H impact on H and \({\rm H}_{2}\). Phys. Rev. A 36, 3100 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.36.3100
G.W. McClure, Ionization and dissociation of fast \(\text{ H}_2\) molecules incident on \(\text{ H}_2\) gas. Phys. Rev. 134, A1126 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.134.A1226
J.M. Sanders, S.L. Varghese, C.H. Fleming et al., Electron capture by protons and electron loss from hydrogen atoms in collisions with hydrocarbon and hydrogen molecules in the 60–120 keV energy range. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 36, 3835 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/36/18/311
G.M. Sigaud, Free-collision model calculations for projectile electron loss by the \(\text{ H}_2\) molecule. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44, 225201 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/44/22/225201
K.A. Smith, M.D. Duncan, M.W. Geis et al., Measurement of electron loss cross sections for 0.25- to 5-keV hydrogen atoms in atmospheric gases. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 2231 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA081i013p02231
P.M. Stier, C.F. Barnett, Charge exchange cross sections of hydrogen ions in gases. Phys. Rev. 103, 896 (1956). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.103.896
B. Van Zyl, T.Q. Le, R.C. Amme, Charged particle production in low energy H+\(\text{ H}_2\) and H+He collisions. J. Chem. Phys. 74, 314 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.440836
H.T. Hunter, M.I. Kirkpatrick, I. Alvarez et al., Atomic data for fusion, ORNL-6086/V1. United States (1990). https://doi.org/10.2172/6570226
D.R. Schultz, H. Gharibnejad, T.E. Cravens et al., Data for secondary-electron production from ion precipitation at Jupiter III: target and projectile processes in \(\text{ H}^+\), H, and \(\text{ H}^-\) + \(\text{ H}_2\) collisions. At. Data Nucl. Data 132, 101307 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adt.2019.101307
F.W. Meyer, L.W. Anderson, Charge exchange cross sections for hydrogen and deuterium ions incident on a Cs vapor target. Phys. Lett. A 54, 333 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(75)90282-0
A.S. Schlachter, P.J. Bjorkholm, D.H. Loyd et al., Charge-exchange collisions between hydrogen ions and cesium vapor in the energy range 0.5–20 keV. Phys. Rev. 177, 184 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.177.184
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Yuan Luo and Wei-Ping Lin. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Yuan Luo and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by the National MCF Energy R&D Program of China (No. MOST 2018YFE0310200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11805138 and 11705242), and the Fundamental Research Funds For the Central Universities (Nos. YJ201820 and YJ201954)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, Y., Lin, WP., Ren, PP. et al. A simulation study of a windowless gas-stripping room in an E//B neutral particle analyzer. NUCL SCI TECH 32, 69 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-021-00909-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-021-00909-8