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A Review of Rare-Earth Elements Extraction with Emphasis on Non-conventional Sources: Coal and Coal Byproducts, Iron Ore Tailings, Apatite, and Phosphate Byproducts

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Abstract

Primary economical deposits of rare-earth elements (REEs) are exhausting all over the world, and it has become necessary to find new sources and methods for their extraction. In addition, increasing the application of REEs in modern technological society has increased its demand globally. One of the important movements to compensate for the future shortages of critical metals is the recovery of REEs from recyclable materials. This paper presents a review of the classification and extraction methods, as well as general applications of REEs with emphasis on secondary sources such as coal and coal byproducts, iron ore tailings, apatite, and phosphate byproducts. An overview of the current state of knowledge on the various methods of REE beneficiation and extraction is covered. These methods include physical separation, as well as hydrometallurgical and bio-hydrometallurgical techniques. The application of these REE extraction techniques for enhanced recovery has been driven primarily by the unique industrial application of these important elements. This paper further explores the existing and potential environmental challenges associated with REE extraction. The authors have presented a wide array of literature, in-depth discussion of the subject, and a succinct summary of processes and relevant case studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA

    Meisam Peiravi, Azam Baharlouei & Jia Liu

  2. Mining and Geological Engineering Department, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    Fahimeh Dehghani & Tathagata Ghosh

  3. Mining and Mineral Resources Engineering Department, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA

    Louis Ackah

  4. Plant Biotechnology and Genome Core-Facility, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA

    Azam Baharlouei

  5. Technology Department, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA

    Justin Godbold

  6. Mining & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

    Manoj Mohanty

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  1. Meisam Peiravi
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Peiravi, M., Dehghani, F., Ackah, L. et al. A Review of Rare-Earth Elements Extraction with Emphasis on Non-conventional Sources: Coal and Coal Byproducts, Iron Ore Tailings, Apatite, and Phosphate Byproducts. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 38, 1–26 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-020-00307-5

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