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Luftverschmutzung und atopisches Ekzem

Systematisches Review der Erkenntnisse aus umweltepidemiologischen Studien

Air pollution and atopic eczema

Systematic review of findings from environmental epidemiological studies

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Unter zahlreichen Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung eines atopischen Ekzems (AE) wird neuerdings der Einfluss von Luftverschmutzung vermehrt diskutiert. Ein systematisches Review hierzu liegt aber bisher nicht vor.

Fragestellung

Welche Effekte von Außenluftverschmutzung (Partikel, Stickstoffoxide, Schwefeldioxid, Ozon oder allgemeine Straßenverkehrsemissionen) auf AE zeigen sich in einer systematischen Analyse verfügbarer umweltepidemiologischer Studien?

Methodik

Alle umweltepidemiologischen Studien zu AE und Luftverschmutzung aus der Literaturdatenbank PubMed wurden identifiziert, ihre wichtigsten Kenngrößen tabellarisch zusammengefasst, qualitativ nach Evidenzgraden beurteilt und beschrieben.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 57 entsprechende Studien identifiziert. Nur in einer der 15 Querschnittstudien, bei denen die Exposition großräumig erfasst wurde, zeigte sich ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen AE und Luftverschmutzung. Dagegen fanden sich signifikante positive Assoziationen von AE mit straßenverkehrsbedingten Emissionen – insbesondere aus LKWs – in 23 von 30 Studien mit kleinräumiger Expositionserfassung. Von diesen 30 Studien waren 14 Kohortenstudien (1-mal Erwachsene, 13-mal Geburtskohorten). Die einzige Kohortenstudie bei Erwachsenen zeigte eine Assoziation insbesondere mit einem intrinsischen AE. In ostasiatischen Geburtskohorten (alle in den letzten 3 Jahren veröffentlicht) war eine Verkehrsbelastung der Mutter während der Schwangerschaft mit einer erhöhten Inzidenz von AE beim Kind assoziiert. In den älteren Kohortenstudien aus Europa/USA war dies nicht so klar oder wurde nicht untersucht. In 5/5 Panelstudien (alle aus Korea) fand sich ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen dem Schweregrad von Ekzem und der Außenluftbelastung.

Schlussfolgerung

In der systematischen Analyse umweltepidemiologischer Studien zeigte sich eine eher gute Evidenz dafür, dass Belastungen mit Straßenverkehrsemissionen, die kleinräumig variieren, die Prävalenz von AE erhöhen, während großräumige Belastung mit groben Partikeln (PM10) oder SO2 keinen Einfluss zeigte. Unter pathophysiologischen Aspekten scheinen Verkehrsemissionen sowohl über Einflüsse auf die Hautbarriere als auch auf die Aktivierung von Immunreaktionen zu wirken.

Abstract

Background

Among the many risk factors for the development of atopic eczema (AE), the influence of air pollution has recently been discussed more often. A systematic review about this topic however is lacking.

Aims

Which effects of outdoor air pollution (particles, nitric oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone or general traffic exhaust emissions) on AE can be demonstrated in a systematic analysis of available environmental epidemiologic studies?

Methods

All environmental epidemiologic studies on AE and air pollution found in the literature database PubMed were identified. The most important key figures of these studies were tabulated, the quality of evidence was graded and the studies described.

Results

A total of 57 studies were identified. Only one of the 15 cross-sectional studies with a large-scale exposure assessment found a significant association between AE and air pollution. In contrast 23 of 30 studies with small-scale exposure assessment found a significant association between AE and traffic related emissions—especially from trucks. Of the 30 studies, 14 were cohort studies (1 adult, 13 birth cohorts). The sole adult cohort found an association with intrinsic AE. In the East Asian cohorts (all published since 2015), an association between maternal exposure to traffic-related pollution and incidence of AE in the offspring was found. This was less clear in cohorts from Europe/US or simply not investigated. In 5/5 panel studies (all from South Korea), symptom severity of AE was found to be significantly and positively related to outdoor air pollution.

Conclusions

In a systematic analysis of environmental epidemiologic studies about air pollution and AE rather good evidence was found that, based on small-scale exposure measurements, especially truck traffic emissions increased AE prevalence, while large-scale exposure to larger particles (PM10) or SO2 was without effect. Considering pathophysiologic aspects traffic exhaust emissions seem to affect both skin barrier function and activation of immune responses.

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Danksagung

Wir danken Herrn Professor Dr. Dr. Johannes Ring, München, für die kritische Durchsicht des Manuskriptes und Ausführungen zur Nomenklatur.

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  1. IUF – Leibniz Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    Ursula Krämer

  2. Zentrum Allergie & Umwelt (ZAUM), Technische Universität und Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Deutschland

    Heidrun Behrendt

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Krämer, U., Behrendt, H. Luftverschmutzung und atopisches Ekzem. Hautarzt 70, 169–184 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-018-4330-3

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