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Prädiabetes als therapeutische Herausforderung in der Inneren Medizin

Prediabetes as a therapeutic challenge in internal medicine

  • Schwerpunkt: Fettstoffwechsel und Metabolisches Syndrom
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Zusammenfassung

Der Begriff Prädiabetes beschreibt einen erhöhten, jedoch noch nicht im diabetischen Bereich liegenden Nüchternblutzuckerspiegel, einen erhöhten Blutzuckerspiegel nach 120 min in einem standardmäßig mit 75 g Glukose durchgeführten oralen Glukosetoleranztest oder beides. In die Definition der American Diabetes Association fließt zusätzlich das glykierte Hämoglobin A (HbA1c) ein. Die Häufigkeit des Prädiabetes nimmt stark zu. Die Progression von einer normalen Glukosetoleranz zu einem Diabetes ist ein kontinuierlicher Vorgang. Insulinresistenz und Insulinsekretionsstörung, deren gleichzeitiges Vorliegen den manifesten Diabetes charakterisiert, sind schon im prädiabetischen Stadium vorhanden. Der Prädiabetes geht mit einem erhöhten Diabetesrisiko einher; allerdings entwickeln bei Weitem nicht alle Menschen mit Prädiabetes einen Diabetes. Dennoch bleibt allein die Feststellung eines erhöhten Diabetesrisikos insofern relevant, als sie die Ergreifung von Maßnahmen zur Diabetesprävention erfordert. Als effektivste Strategie zur Behandlung des Prädiabetes hat sich eine strukturierte Lebensstilintervention erwiesen. Um deren Effizienz zu erhöhen, sollte sie möglichst ausschließlich denjenigen Menschen zur Verfügung gestellt werden, welche die größten Chancen haben, davon zu profitieren. Dazu müssten Menschen mit Prädiabetes nach ihrem Risikoprofil stratifiziert werden. In einer Population von Menschen mit erhöhtem Diabetesrisiko (Tübinger Diabetes-Familien-Studie) wurde eine Clusteranalyse vorgenommen, die 6 Cluster/Untergruppen ergab. Darunter wurden 3 Hochrisikountergruppen identifiziert. Zwei davon zeigen eine überwiegende Insulinsekretionsstörung bzw. überwiegende Insulinresistenz und ein hohes Diabetes- und kardiovaskuläres Risiko. Die dritte Gruppe weist ein hohes Nephropathierisiko und eine hohe Mortalität, aber ein relativ betrachtet niedrigeres Diabetesrisiko auf. Einen Prädiabetes kann man insgesamt noch nicht gezielt pathophysiologisch orientiert behandeln. Die neue – auf der Pathophysiologie basierende – Einteilung des Prädiabetes eröffnet nun neue Wege für die Diabetesprävention. Aktuell laufende und zukünftige Studien sollen die Annahme bestätigen, dass die Wirksamkeit etablierter bzw. noch nicht etablierter Präventionsmaßnahmen abhängig von der jeweiligen Untergruppe ist.

Abstract

The term prediabetes describes a fasting blood glucose level that is elevated but not yet in the diabetic range, a blood glucose level that is elevated after 120 min in a standard 75‑g oral glucose tolerance test, or both. The American Diabetes Association definition also includes glycated hemoglobin A (HbA1c). The incidence of prediabetes is rapidly increasing. Progression from normal glucose tolerance to diabetes is a continuous process. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction, the simultaneous presence of which characterizes manifest diabetes, are already present in the prediabetic stage. Prediabetes is associated with an increased risk of diabetes; however, by no means all people with prediabetes go on to develop diabetes. Nevertheless, the identification of an increased risk of diabetes is still relevant insofar as it requires the adoption of diabetes prevention measures. Structured lifestyle intervention has been shown to be the most effective strategy for treating prediabetes. To increase its efficiency, it should, as far as possible, be made exclusively available to those people on whom it is most likely to confer a benefit. This would make it necessary to stratify people with prediabetes according to their risk profile. In a population of people at increased risk of diabetes (Tübingen Diabetes Family Study), a cluster analysis was performed, resulting in six clusters/subgroups. Within these, three high-risk subgroups were identified: Two of these risk groups show predominant insulin secretory dysfunction or predominant insulin resistance and high diabetes and cardiovascular risk. The third group shows a high risk of nephropathy and high mortality, but a comparatively lower diabetes risk. In general, prediabetes cannot yet be treated in a targeted pathophysiologically oriented manner. The new classification of prediabetes—based on pathophysiology—is now opening up new avenues for diabetes prevention. Current and future studies should confirm the assumption that the effectiveness of established, or not yet established, preventive measures depends on the respective subgroup.

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Correspondence to Konstantinos Kantartzis.

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K. Kantartzis, A. Fritsche und A.L. Birkenfeld geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Dagmar Führer-Sakel, Essen

Martin Reincke, München

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Kantartzis, K., Fritsche, A. & Birkenfeld, A.L. Prädiabetes als therapeutische Herausforderung in der Inneren Medizin. Innere Medizin 64, 636–641 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-023-01546-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-023-01546-6

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