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Long-term arsenite exposure induces premature senescence in B cell lymphoma A20 cells

  • Inorganic Compounds
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Abstract

Chronic arsenite exposure induces immunosuppression, but the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Our previous studies demonstrated that arsenite exposure for 24 h induces G0/G1 arrest in mouse B lymphoma A20 cells and the arrest is caused through induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a followed by accumulation of an Rb family protein, p130. In this study, we further investigated the consequences of long-term arsenite exposure of A20 cells. The results demonstrated that exposure to 10 μM sodium arsenite up to 14 days induces a great increase in G0/G1 arrest, irreversible cell growth suppression, cellular morphological changes and positive staining for senescence-associated β-galactosidase. The long-term arsenite exposure also induced up-regulation of p16INK4a followed by robust accumulation of p130 and activation of the p53 pathway. Knockdown experiments with siRNA showed that p130 accumulation is essential for cell cycle arrest by long-term arsenite exposure. Since p16INK4a and the p53 pathway are known to be activated by DNA damage, we investigated the involvement of DNA damage formation by long-term arsenite exposure. We found that a variety of DNA repair-related genes were significantly down-regulated from 24 h of arsenite exposure and activation-induced cytidine deaminase was greatly up-regulated after long-term arsenite exposure. Consistent with these findings, long-term arsenite exposure increased a DNA double-strand break marker, γ-H2AX and increased mutation frequency in a Bcl6 gene region. These results revealed that long-term arsenite exposure induces premature senescence through DNA damage increase and p130 accumulation in lymphoid cells.

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Abbreviations

Aid:

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase

BER:

Base excision repair

DSBs:

DNA double-strand breaks

HR:

Homologous recombination

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

NER:

Nucleotide excision repair

NHEJ:

Non-homologous end joining

SSBs:

Single-strand breaks

SA-β-gal:

Senescence-associated β-galactosidase

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (0710AG333, KN) and Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (19590611, 23390166, KN). We wish to thank Profs Yoshito Kumagai, YasuhiroShinkai (University of Tsukuba), Drs Eiko Koike, Takehiro Suzuki and Shota Takumi (NIES) for their valuable advice; Ms H Murai and H Käch for their great technical assistance; and Ms S.Umehara for her kind secretarial assistance.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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  1. Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan

    Kazuyuki Okamura & Keiko Nohara

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  1. Kazuyuki Okamura
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Correspondence to Keiko Nohara.

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204_2015_1500_MOESM1_ESM.pptx

Summary of mutations in the control cells and cells cultured with 10 μM sodium arsenite for 14 days. a) The amplified sequences of Bcl6 for mutation analysis. The underlined bases are sequenced. b, c) Mutations detected at the 5′ end (b) and 3′ end (c) of the Bcl6 region shown in a) are shown. Mutations in the control cells and in the cells cultured with arsenite for 14 days are shown above and below the sequence

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Okamura, K., Nohara, K. Long-term arsenite exposure induces premature senescence in B cell lymphoma A20 cells. Arch Toxicol 90, 793–803 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1500-2

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