Abstract
Context
Ibogaine is the main alkaloid of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. It produces hallucinogenic and psychostimulant effects, but it is currently known for the anti-addictive properties. Despite the potential therapeutic effects, several cases of fatalities and serious adverse events related to ibogaine/noribogaine use can be found in the literature. Most studies consist in case reports or were conducted under non-controlled settings, so causation cannot be clearly established.
Objectives
To update (2015–2020) the literature on the adverse events and fatalities associated with ibogaine/noribogaine administration.
Methods
Systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).
Results
Eighteen studies were included in the final selection. Highly heterogeneous results were found in terms of kind of product used or the known dosages. The adverse events were classified in acute effects (< 24 h), mainly cardiac (the most common was QTc prolongation), gastrointestinal, neurological, and clinical alterations, and long-lasting effects (> 24 h), mainly persistent cardiac alterations, psychiatric, and neurological signs.
Conclusions
There is a high need of phase I clinical trials that can describe the safety of different dosages of ibogaine with standardized products. Further research should perform clinical profiling of vulnerable populations, and design effective screening methods and clinical procedures.
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Funding
JMR received funding from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil). JECH is recipient of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil) 1A productivity fellowship. Research was supported in part by grants from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). RGS is Fellow of the Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado, Brazil (PNPD/CAPES).
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Ona, G., Rocha, J.M., Bouso, J.C. et al. The adverse events of ibogaine in humans: an updated systematic review of the literature (2015–2020). Psychopharmacology 239, 1977–1987 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05964-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05964-y