Abstract
A passive sampler for determining the time-weighted average total ammonia (i.e. molecular ammonia and the ammonium cation) concentration (C TWA) in freshwaters, which incorporated a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) as a semi-permeable barrier separating the aqueous source solution from the receiving solution (i.e. 0.8 mol L−1 HCl), was developed for the first time. The PIM was composed of dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (DNNS) as a carrier, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) as a base polymer and 1-tetradecanol as a modifier. Its optimal composition was found to be 35 wt% commercial DNNS, 55 wt% PVC and 10 wt% 1-tetradecanol. The effect of environmental variables such as the water matrix, pH and temperature were also studied using synthetic freshwaters. The passive sampler was calibrated under laboratory conditions using synthetic freshwaters and exhibited a linear response within the concentration range 0.59–2.8 mg L−1 NH4 + (0.46–2.1 mg N L−1) at 20 °C. The performance of the sampler was further investigated under field conditions over 7 days. A strong correlation between spot sampling and passive sampling was achieved, thus providing a proof-of-concept for the passive sampler for reliably measuring the C TWA of total ammonia in freshwaters, which can be used as an indicator in tracking sources of faecal contamination in stormwater drains.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Australian Research Council and Melbourne Water Corporation for providing funding for this research (Linkage Project 110200595); the Brazilian National Research Council for providing a 12-month Postdoctoral Fellowship to Adélia Maria Lima da Silva (Process N.236607/2012-0, Science without Borders Program); Mr. Les Gamel for making the glass devices; Mr. Daniel MacMahon (Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management) for assistance with the field application of the passive samplers; and Mr. Sam Ludbrook (Chemiplas Australia) for providing DNNS from King Industries.
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Almeida, M.I.G.S., Silva, A.M.L., Coleman, R.A. et al. Development of a passive sampler based on a polymer inclusion membrane for total ammonia monitoring in freshwaters. Anal Bioanal Chem 408, 3213–3222 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9394-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9394-2