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Associations of Sarcopenic Obesity and Dynapenic Obesity with Bone Mineral Density and Incident Fractures Over 5–10 Years in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine whether low muscle mass (sarcopenia) or strength (dynapenia), in the presence of obesity, are associated with increased risk for osteoporosis and non-vertebral fracture over 5–10 years in community-dwelling older adults. N = 1089 volunteers (mean ± SD age 62 ± 7 years; 51 % female) participated at baseline and 761 attended follow-up clinics (mean 5.1 ± 0.5 years later). Total body, total hip and spine BMD, and appendicular lean and total fat mass were assessed by DXA. Sarcopenic obesity and dynapenic obesity were defined as the lowest sex-specific tertiles for appendicular lean mass or lower-limb strength, respectively, and the highest sex-specific tertile for total fat mass. Fractures were self-reported on three occasions over 10.7 ± 0.7 years in 563 participants. Obese alone participants had significantly higher BMD at all sites compared with non-sarcopenic non-obese. Sarcopenic obese and dynapenic obese men had lower spine and total body BMD, respectively, and sarcopenic obese women had lower total hip BMD, compared with obese alone (all P < 0.05). Sarcopenic obese men had higher non-vertebral fracture rates compared to non-sarcopenic non-obese (incidence rate ratio: 3.0; 95 % CI 1.7–5.5), and obese alone (3.6; 1.7–7.4). Sarcopenic obese women had higher fracture rates compared with obese alone (2.8; 1.4–5.6), but this was non-significant after adjustment for total hip BMD. Sarcopenic and dynapenic obese older adults may have increased risk of osteoporosis and non-vertebral fracture relative to obese alone counterparts. Sarcopenic and dynapenic obese individuals potentially represent a subset of the obese older adult population who require closer monitoring of bone health during ageing.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Arthritis Foundation of Australia, Tasmanian Community Fund, and University of Tasmania Institutional Research Grants Scheme. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the TASOAC participants and staff, particularly study coordinator Catrina Boon. GJ and LL acknowledge fellowships from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 5, Block E, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia

    David Scott, Sahan D. Chandrasekara & Peter R. Ebeling

  2. Melbourne Medical School (Western Campus) and Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia

    David Scott & Peter R. Ebeling

  3. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

    Laura L. Laslett & Graeme Jones

  4. Musculoskeletal Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Flavia Cicuttini

Authors
  1. David Scott
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  2. Sahan D. Chandrasekara
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  3. Laura L. Laslett
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  4. Flavia Cicuttini
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  5. Peter R. Ebeling
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  6. Graeme Jones
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Correspondence to David Scott.

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Conflict of Interest

David Scott, Sahan D Chandrasekara, Laura L Laslett, Flavia Cicuttini, Peter R Ebeling and Graeme Jones declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

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Scott, D., Chandrasekara, S.D., Laslett, L.L. et al. Associations of Sarcopenic Obesity and Dynapenic Obesity with Bone Mineral Density and Incident Fractures Over 5–10 Years in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Calcif Tissue Int 99, 30–42 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-016-0123-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-016-0123-9

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