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Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia

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Abstract

Port Phillip Bay (PPB) is a large (1,930 km2), temperate embayment in southern Victoria, Australia. Extensive bay-wide surveys of PPB have occurred since 1840. In 1995/1996 the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) undertook an intensive evaluation of the region with the aims of developing a comprehensive species list of native and introduced biota and contrasting previous bay-wide assessments with a current field survey in order to detect new incursions and discern alterations to native communities. Two methods were used to meet these aims: a re-evaluation of regional museum collections and published research in PPB to identify and determine the timing of introductions; and field surveys for benthic (infauna, epifauna and encrusting) organisms between September 1995 to March 1996. One hundred and sixty introduced (99) and cryptogenic (61) species were identified representing over 13% of the recorded species of PPB. As expected, the majority of these are concentrated around the shipping ports of Geelong and Melbourne. Invasions within PPB appear to be increasing, possibly due to an increase in modern shipping traffic and an increase in aquaculture (historically associated with incidental introductions); however the records of extensive biological surveys suggest that this may, in part, be an artefact of sampling effort. In contrast to Northern Hemisphere studies, PPB (and Southern Hemisphere introductions in general) have significantly different suites of successfully invading taxa. PPB is presented as one of the most invaded marine ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Acknowledgements

Numerous people provided information and expertise in this endeavour: we would specifically like to thank Sebastian Rainer, Alec Moore, Kirrily Moore, Dave Evans, Charles Sutherland, Nic Murfet, Karen Gowlett-Holmes, and Catriona McLeod (CSIRO), Neil Biggins (Victorian EPA), and Ashley Coutts and his team of Australian Maritime College sorters. For taxonomic advice: Dennis Gordon, Christina Haas, Patricia Mather, Di Jones, Robyn Ickeringill, and Tania Bardsley. For aid in tracking down historic records: Jeff Cosssum, Mrs. Padge Loney, Colin Gibbs, and Anthony Blott. Two anonymous reviewers also greatly aided in improving and clarifying the manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. Chad L. Hewitt & Marnie L. Campbell

    Present address: Ministry of Fisheries, PO Box 1020, Wellington, New Zealand

  2. Matthew M. Lockett

    Present address: Department of Environmental Science, University of Technology Sydney, Westbourne Street , 2065, Gore Hill, New South Wales, Australia

  3. Nicole Mays

    Present address: Northeast-Midwest Institute, 218 D Street SE, Washington, DC, 20003, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests, CSIRO Marine Research, GPO Box 1538, 7001, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

    Chad L. Hewitt, Marnie L. Campbell, Ronald E. Thresher, Richard B. Martin, Nicole Mays & D. Jeff Ross

  2. Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666E, 3000, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Sue Boyd, Martin F. Gomon, Matthew M. Lockett, Tim D. O'Hara, Gary C. B. Poore, Melissa J. Storey & Robin S. Wilson

  3. Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute, PO Box 114, 3225, Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia

    Brian F. Cohen, David R. Currie & Matthew A. McArthur

  4. Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Michael J. Keough, D. Jeff Ross & Melissa J. Storey

  5. Platforms Sciences Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, GPO Box 4331, 3001, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    John A. Lewis

  6. Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 74 Nimmo Street, 3040, Essendon, Victoria, Australia

    Jeanette E. Watson

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  1. Chad L. Hewitt
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Correspondence to Chad L. Hewitt.

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Communicated by M.S. Johnson, Crawley

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Hewitt, C.L., Campbell, M.L., Thresher, R.E. et al. Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Marine Biology 144, 183–202 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-003-1173-x

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